Causes heterozygous offspring to have an phenotype that is intermediate between the two parental phenotypes

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  1.    23. Incomplete dominance _________.
  1. Is the presences of three or more alleles of a gene among individuals of a population
  2. Causes heterozygous offspring to have an phenotype that is intermediate between the two parental phenotypes
  3. Is when two genes at different loci both affect the same phenotype
  4. Causes there to be a lack of production of heterozygous offspring Use the following information to answer questions 24-25: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder that causes an individual’s muscles to degenerate over time.  A male DMD patient has two unaffected parents.   24.  Fill in the pedigree of this family using Xd for the Duchenne allele, XD for the “normal” allele, X? for any unknown X alleles , and Y for Y chromosomes.                   

25. It turns out the son with DMD also has Klinefelter syndrome.  What nondisjunction event would account for both disorders?

            a. NDJ in Meiosis I of father

            b. NDJ is Meiosis II of father

            c. NDJ in Meiosis I of mother

            d. NDJ is Meiosis II of mother

26. You’re a genetic counselor.  A mother and father both with type AB blood have a child with blood type O. A second type-O child was born six years later.  The father is upset and worried that, perhaps, he is not the biological father.  After extensive genotyping, you determine that he is most likely the father of both children.  This is an example of the “Bombay phenotype”.  A separate locus codes for a precursor to the A & B antigens (the H antigen).  If the child is hh, no H antigen is made and the child will be phenotypically type O.   What is the name of the genetic phenomenon that accounts for the Bombay phenotype?

27. Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant form of dwarfism.  People with achondroplasia are heterozygotes because carrying two copies of the dominant, mutant allele is fatal during embryogenesis.  Two people with achondroplasia decide to start a family.

a. Fill out a Punnett square for this couple.

 b. What is the probability that their first child born will be of average stature?

c. What is the probability that this couple has two daughters with achondroplasia and one son of average stature in that order?

d. What is the probability that this couple has two children with achondroplasia and one of average stature in any order?

28. Two deaf people have three children together, none of whom are deaf.  What is the name for the genetic phenomenon that makes this possible?

29. Individuals that inherit a single inactive retinoblastoma (Rb) allele from one of their parents have a 90% chance of developing multiple eye tumors as a child.  The allele can be inherited from either the mother or father and affect both male and female children equally. 

a. Based on this information alone, what is the mode of inheritance?

            b. As it turns out, the Rb gene encodes a type of protein called a tumor suppressor.  Children only get eye tumors when both Rb alleles make a nonfunctional protein.  Knowing this, do you think the mode of inheritance is different than what you previously thought?  How so?

30. What does it mean when two genes are “linked”?

31.  As a human, you have 23 pairs of chromosome.  For each pair, one chromosome was maternally derived and the other was paternally derived.  During meiosis, chromosome pairs are segregated randomly into haploid cells so that the maternal and paternal chromosome pairs are split up. 

a. What is the probability that a human gamete has 20 of 23 maternally derived chromosomes? 

b. Which Mendelian principle is responsible for the number of maternally-derived and paternally-derived chromosomes that end up in gametes?

c. What is the probability of having at least one maternally derived chromosome in a gamete?

METABOLISM

Pyruvate (pyruvic acid), the final product of glycolysis, has to enter the mitochondria to participate in the Kreb’s cycle. 

Which of the following statements about its entry is true and which is false?  If false, correct it so that it is true.

1.  Pyruvate moves by facilitated diffusion that goes against the concentration gradient.

2.  Pyruvate is a lipid soluble molecule moving down its concentration gradient.

3.  There must be transport molecules in the mitochondrial membrane.

4.  The concentration of pyruvate is likely to be higher inside the mitochondrion than outside.

5.  During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill from food à NADH à electron transport chain à oxygen.

6.   Prokaryotes don’t do glycolysis because they lack mitochondrial membranes.

7. Photosynthesis is to cellular respiration as _________.

            a. exergonic is to endergonic.              

            b. amino acids are to carbohydrates.

            c. increasing entropy is to decreasing entropy.

            d. anabolic is to catabolic.

            e. none of the above.

8. Rank the following compounds according to their oxidation state from  LEAST oxidized to MOST oxidized:

  1. carbon dioxide, pyruvate, glucose
  2. glucose, carbon dioxide, pyruvate
  3. pyruvate, carbon dioxide, glucose,
  4. pyruvate, glucose, carbon dioxide
  5. glucose,  pyruvate, carbon dioxide 
  1. The Krebs cycle yields NADH and FADH2 but not ATP or GTP.    
  2. Every reaction in cellular respiration is spontaneous.  
  3. One of the reasons that glycolysis is believed to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes is that glycolysis neither uses nor needs O2.  
  4. Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.   
  5. During aerobic respiration, energy is gently transferred from food molecules to ATP molecules; during photosynthesis, light energy is used to generate ATP molecules which are used to create food molecules.   For #14-18: An organism is discovered that consumes a considerable amount of sugar, yet does not gain much weight when denied air. Curiously, the organism seems to survive even in the absence of air, and the consumption of sugar increases as air is removed from the organism’s environment. When returned to normal air, the organism does fine. Which of the following could describe the organism?  
  6. It is a human cell.  
  7. It may be used to produce ethanol.  
  8. It is a facultative anaerobe.  
  9. The organism obviously lacks the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.  
  10. It must use a molecule other than oxygen to accept electrons from the electron transport chain. 

19.  Draw a generic eukaryotic cell and a generic prokaryotic cell.  Label where the following take place:

glycolysis, fermentation, pyruvate processing, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

20.   Here is an abstract from an article by Rui-Hua, et al. Inhibition of glycolysis in cancer cells: A novel strategy to overcome drug resistance associated with mitochondrial respiratory defect and hypoxia. 2005 Cancer Research vol. 65, pp. 613-621.

Cancer cells generally exhibit increased glycolysis for ATP generation (the Warburg effect) due in part to mitochondrial respiration injury and hypoxia, which are frequently associated with resistance to therapeutic agents. Here, we report that inhibition of glycolysis severely depletes ATP in cancer cells, especially in clones of cancer cells with mitochondrial respiration defects, and leads to rapid dephosphorylation of the glycolysis-apoptosis integrating molecule BAD at Ser112, relocalization of BAX to mitochondria, and massive cell death. Importantly, inhibition of glycolysis effectively kills colon cancer cells and lymphoma cells in a hypoxic environment in which the cancer cells exhibit high glycolytic activity and decreased sensitivity to common anticancer agents. Depletion of ATP by glycolytic inhibition also potently induced apoptosis in multidrug-resistant cells, suggesting that deprivation of cellular energy supply may be an effective way to overcome multidrug resistance. Our study shows a promising therapeutic strategy to effectively kill cancer cells and overcome drug resistance. Because the Warburg effect and hypoxia are frequently seen in human cancers, these findings may have broad clinical implications.

A.  How can cells generate ATP in the absence of functioning mitochondria?

B.  How much ATP can be generated in the absence of mitochondria?

C.  What would happen to the pH in cancer cells due to this metabolism?

 

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Problem Set 3 Meiosis and Genetics

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Problem Set 3 Meiosis and Genetics

17. In a particular breed of dog, the dominant allele B produces black coat color, while b produces brown.

  1. If a litter of puppies has both black and brown offspring, what are the possible genotypes of the parents?   
  2. If a black and brown dog can produce black and brown puppies when they mate, what should be the ratio of black puppies to brown puppies in a litter?   18. Tongue rolling is a dominant trait in humans (T), while the inability to tongue roll is recessive. A woman who can roll her tongue marries a man who cannot. Their first child is also not a tongue roller. a. What are the phenotypes of each parent, and the first child?   b. What is the probability that their second child will be a tongue roller?   c. A non-tongue roller?               19. In a test cross with the following pea plant (Gg Tt RR Ss), where genes show independent assortment:  a. What is the expected frequency of gg tt Rr ss progeny?   b. What is the expected frequency of progeny that are heterozygous for all of the genes?   20. Color blindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait. A color blind woman has a normal mother. a. What is the genotype of the color blind woman’s father?   b. The color blind woman marries a normal man. What is the probability that their sons will be colorblind?  c. What is the probability that their daughters will be colorblind?  21. Use the following pedigree to determine the probability that IV-1 (child yet to be    22. Assuming the following pedigrees, is the trait autosomal or sex-linked, and dominant or recessive? a.        b.       23. Incomplete dominance _________.
  1. Is the presences of three or more alleles of a gene among individuals of a population
  2. Causes heterozygous offspring to have an phenotype that is intermediate between the two parental phenotypes
  3. Is when two genes at different loci both affect the same phenotype
  4. Causes there to be a lack of production of heterozygous offspring Use the following information to answer questions 24-25: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder that causes an individual’s muscles to degenerate over time.  A male DMD patient has two unaffected parents.   24.  Fill in the pedigree of this family using Xd for the Duchenne allele, XD for the “normal” allele, X? for any unknown X alleles , and Y for Y chromosomes.                   

25. It turns out the son with DMD also has Klinefelter syndrome.  What nondisjunction event would account for both disorders?

            a. NDJ in Meiosis I of father

            b. NDJ is Meiosis II of father

            c. NDJ in Meiosis I of mother

            d. NDJ is Meiosis II of mother

26. You’re a genetic counselor.  A mother and father both with type AB blood have a child with blood type O. A second type-O child was born six years later.  The father is upset and worried that, perhaps, he is not the biological father.  After extensive genotyping, you determine that he is most likely the father of both children.  This is an example of the “Bombay phenotype”.  A separate locus codes for a precursor to the A & B antigens (the H antigen).  If the child is hh, no H antigen is made and the child will be phenotypically type O.   What is the name of the genetic phenomenon that accounts for the Bombay phenotype?

27. Achondroplasia is an autosomal dominant form of dwarfism.  People with achondroplasia are heterozygotes because carrying two copies of the dominant, mutant allele is fatal during embryogenesis.  Two people with achondroplasia decide to start a family.

a. Fill out a Punnett square for this couple.

 b. What is the probability that their first child born will be of average stature?

c. What is the probability that this couple has two daughters with achondroplasia and one son of average stature in that order?

d. What is the probability that this couple has two children with achondroplasia and one of average stature in any order?

28. Two deaf people have three children together, none of whom are deaf.  What is the name for the genetic phenomenon that makes this possible?

29. Individuals that inherit a single inactive retinoblastoma (Rb) allele from one of their parents have a 90% chance of developing multiple eye tumors as a child.  The allele can be inherited from either the mother or father and affect both male and female children equally. 

a. Based on this information alone, what is the mode of inheritance?

            b. As it turns out, the Rb gene encodes a type of protein called a tumor suppressor.  Children only get eye tumors when both Rb alleles make a nonfunctional protein.  Knowing this, do you think the mode of inheritance is different than what you previously thought?  How so?

30. What does it mean when two genes are “linked”?

31.  As a human, you have 23 pairs of chromosome.  For each pair, one chromosome was maternally derived and the other was paternally derived.  During meiosis, chromosome pairs are segregated randomly into haploid cells so that the maternal and paternal chromosome pairs are split up. 

a. What is the probability that a human gamete has 20 of 23 maternally derived chromosomes? 

b. Which Mendelian principle is responsible for the number of maternally-derived and paternally-derived chromosomes that end up in gametes?

c. What is the probability of having at least one maternally derived chromosome in a gamete?

METABOLISM

Pyruvate (pyruvic acid), the final product of glycolysis, has to enter the mitochondria to participate in the Kreb’s cycle. 

Which of the following statements about its entry is true and which is false?  If false, correct it so that it is true.

1.  Pyruvate moves by facilitated diffusion that goes against the concentration gradient.

2.  Pyruvate is a lipid soluble molecule moving down its concentration gradient.

3.  There must be transport molecules in the mitochondrial membrane.

4.  The concentration of pyruvate is likely to be higher inside the mitochondrion than outside.

5.  During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill from food à NADH à electron transport chain à oxygen.

6.   Prokaryotes don’t do glycolysis because they lack mitochondrial membranes.

7. Photosynthesis is to cellular respiration as _________.

            a. exergonic is to endergonic.              

            b. amino acids are to carbohydrates.

            c. increasing entropy is to decreasing entropy.

            d. anabolic is to catabolic.

            e. none of the above.

8. Rank the following compounds according to their oxidation state from  LEAST oxidized to MOST oxidized:

  1. carbon dioxide, pyruvate, glucose
  2. glucose, carbon dioxide, pyruvate
  3. pyruvate, carbon dioxide, glucose,
  4. pyruvate, glucose, carbon dioxide
  5. glucose,  pyruvate, carbon dioxide 
  1. The Krebs cycle yields NADH and FADH2 but not ATP or GTP.    
  2. Every reaction in cellular respiration is spontaneous.  
  3. One of the reasons that glycolysis is believed to be one of the most ancient of metabolic processes is that glycolysis neither uses nor needs O2.  
  4. Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.   
  5. During aerobic respiration, energy is gently transferred from food molecules to ATP molecules; during photosynthesis, light energy is used to generate ATP molecules which are used to create food molecules.   For #14-18: An organism is discovered that consumes a considerable amount of sugar, yet does not gain much weight when denied air. Curiously, the organism seems to survive even in the absence of air, and the consumption of sugar increases as air is removed from the organism’s environment. When returned to normal air, the organism does fine. Which of the following could describe the organism?  
  6. It is a human cell.  
  7. It may be used to produce ethanol.  
  8. It is a facultative anaerobe.  
  9. The organism obviously lacks the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain.  
  10. It must use a molecule other than oxygen to accept electrons from the electron transport chain. 

19.  Draw a generic eukaryotic cell and a generic prokaryotic cell.  Label where the following take place:

glycolysis, fermentation, pyruvate processing, Kreb’s cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

20.   Here is an abstract from an article by Rui-Hua, et al. Inhibition of glycolysis in cancer cells: A novel strategy to overcome drug resistance associated with mitochondrial respiratory defect and hypoxia. 2005 Cancer Research vol. 65, pp. 613-621.

Cancer cells generally exhibit increased glycolysis for ATP generation (the Warburg effect) due in part to mitochondrial respiration injury and hypoxia, which are frequently associated with resistance to therapeutic agents. Here, we report that inhibition of glycolysis severely depletes ATP in cancer cells, especially in clones of cancer cells with mitochondrial respiration defects, and leads to rapid dephosphorylation of the glycolysis-apoptosis integrating molecule BAD at Ser112, relocalization of BAX to mitochondria, and massive cell death. Importantly, inhibition of glycolysis effectively kills colon cancer cells and lymphoma cells in a hypoxic environment in which the cancer cells exhibit high glycolytic activity and decreased sensitivity to common anticancer agents. Depletion of ATP by glycolytic inhibition also potently induced apoptosis in multidrug-resistant cells, suggesting that deprivation of cellular energy supply may be an effective way to overcome multidrug resistance. Our study shows a promising therapeutic strategy to effectively kill cancer cells and overcome drug resistance. Because the Warburg effect and hypoxia are frequently seen in human cancers, these findings may have broad clinical implications.

A.  How can cells generate ATP in the absence of functioning mitochondria?

B.  How much ATP can be generated in the absence of mitochondria?

C.  What would happen to the pH in cancer cells due to this metabolism?

 

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4) What is the role of mRNA in the synthesis of proteins?

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1) Assume the gene for dimples, d, is recessive. Then assume that two individuals with the genotypes Dd and dd mate. Create a Punnett square for this mating and state the probability that their offspring will have dimples.

2) Briefly explain epitasis.

3) List the steps of mitosis and briefly describe what happens in each

4) What is the role of mRNA in the synthesis of proteins?

5) What is an intron?

6) In the process of protein synthesis, what is the difference between transcription and translation?

7) For animals, what is the advantage of internal fertilization and what type of species utilize it?

8) What is the reproductive purpose of fruits?

9) What is the genetic advantage of sexual reproduction?

 

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What is the role of mRNA in the synthesis of proteins?

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1) Assume the gene for dimples, d, is recessive. Then assume that two individuals with the genotypes Dd and dd mate. Create a Punnett square for this mating and state the probability that their offspring will have dimples.

2) Briefly explain epitasis.

3) List the steps of mitosis and briefly describe what happens in each

4) What is the role of mRNA in the synthesis of proteins?

5) What is an intron?

6) In the process of protein synthesis, what is the difference between transcription and translation?

7) For animals, what is the advantage of internal fertilization and what type of species utilize it?

8) What is the reproductive purpose of fruits?

9) What is the genetic advantage of sexual reproduction?

 

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To what kingdom would a single-celled, nucleated, photosynthetic organism belong?

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1) To what kingdom would a single-celled, nucleated, photosynthetic organism belong?

2) What clues indicate that dogs are more closely related to cats than to lizards?

3) What features are common and distinct between plants and fungi?

4) What was the important scientific contribution of Carl Linnaeus?

5) What are Byrophytes?

6) Briefly explain the function of xylem and phloem.

7) What are the unique characteristics of Aves species?

8) In higher animals, what systems are responsible for homeostasis?

 

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To what kingdom would a single-celled, nucleated, photosynthetic organism belong?

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1) To what kingdom would a single-celled, nucleated, photosynthetic organism belong?

2) What clues indicate that dogs are more closely related to cats than to lizards?

3) What features are common and distinct between plants and fungi?

4) What was the important scientific contribution of Carl Linnaeus?

5) What are Byrophytes?

6) Briefly explain the function of xylem and phloem.

7) What are the unique characteristics of Aves species?

8) In higher animals, what systems are responsible for homeostasis?

 

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Why are enzymes critical to the function of cells? That is, why not simply let chemical reaction occur without interference?

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1) Why are enzymes critical to the function of cells? That is, why not simply let chemical reaction occur without interference?

2) What type of molecules are enzymes (i.e., lipids, nucleic acids, etc)?

3) What wavelengths of light are best suited for use in photosynthesis?

4) Why is photosynthesis critical to nearly every life form, not just plants and algae?

5) If animals exercise anaerobically (without sufficient oxygen) for an extended period of time, lactic acid accumulates in their muscles and causes cramping. In the context of cellular respiration, explain why this phenomenon occurs.

6) Briefly explain the function of ATP synthase and the importance of ATP to all cells.

7) Why would a typical animal cell lyses (explode) if placed into a container of plain water?

8) What is the difference between passive and active transport through a cell membrane? Which method allows a cell to concentrate a substance inside itself?

 

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What are the unique characteristics of water that allow it to support life on earth?

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1) What are the unique characteristics of water that allow it to support life on earth?

2) List 5 organelles and their essential functions.

3) List 3 features of plant cells that are not present in animal cells.

4) What are the key differences between RNA and DNA in structure/ composition? In function in the cell?

5) Identify 4 human diseases that are viral in origin and the specific virus that causes them.

6) List 3 key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

7) Provide examples of cells in the human body that employ cilia and flagella.

8) What would be the most appropriate microscopy tool for visualizing the 3D surface of a damaged bone? For viewing a thin slice of tissue stained with hemotoxylin and eosin?

 

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Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is prevalent in AIDS patients.

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  1. In this case history, a 49 year-old man handled a parakeet with a respiratory illness on February 7. On March 9, he experienced intense pain in his legs, followed by severe chills and headaches. On March 16, he had chest pains, cough, and diarrhea, and his temperature was 40°C. Appropriate antibiotics were administered on March 17, and his fever subsided within 12 hours. He continued taking antibiotics for 14 days. Identify each period in the pattern of disease that he experienced. Note: The disease is psittacosis. Can you find the etiology?
  2. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is prevalent in AIDS patients. In an effort to determine the source of this infection, hospital water systems were sampled. The water contained chlorine. What is the usual method of transmission for Mycobacterium? What is the probable source of infection in hospitals? How can such nosocomial infections be prevented?
Percentage of samples with M. avium
Hot waterCold water
February 88%February 22%
June 50%June 11%
  1. Twenty-one percent of the patients in a large hospital acquired Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis during their hospital stay. Epidemiological studies provided the following information. What is the most likely mode of transmission of this bacterium in hospitals? How can transmission be prevented?
Rate of infection for patients:
Single room 7%
Double room 17%
Triple room 26%
Rate of environmental isolations of C. difficile:
Bed rail 10%
Commode 1%
Floor 18%
Call button 6%
Toilet 3%
Hands of hospital personnel after contact with patients that were culture-positive for C. difficile:
Used gloves 0%
Did not use gloves 59%
Had C. difficile before patient contact   3%
Washed with nondisinfectant soap 40%
Washed with disinfectant soap 3%
Did not wash hands 20%

After you have solved the puzzles and uploaded your document, thoughtfully and objectively critique one case solution each from two of your peers (two critiques in total). If you find something your peer said to be interesting, then state specifically why.  Are there alternative solutions to what your colleagues proposed? Be specific in your critique and provide the facts supporting your alternatives. Be sure to focus your critique on the facts presented and not on the person or anything in the response that may be interpreted as opinion.

 

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