Environment Poster

Design your poster

Background Chocolate is a super-food! Eating chocolate, and specifically dark chocolate with a high cocoa content, has been associated with health benefits such as good cardiovascular health, improvements in insulin sensitivity which could delay the onset of diabetes, and it just simply makes you feel good (due to its phenylethylamine content). However chocolate production has an unsavory side that involves child labour and even slavery, and future production is threatened on several fronts. Threats to future chocolate production include the influence of climate change, diseases and pests that reduce the yield of the cocoa plant, and reduced yields as land fertility decreases. As described by your text written by Draper and Zimmerman (2017), Canadians pay amongst the lowest prices globally for food and the vast majority of the population lacks knowledge about how our food is produced. We have come to expect many foods from a global hinterland, without interruption and with abundance. What if future chocolate supplies are threatened by global change and other factors affecting crop yields? How can we continue to consume chocolate that has been produced with child and slave labour? Several organization have been formed to press chocolate manufacturers to reform farming and labour practices along the supply chain. Some efforts could be judged to be partially successful based on the growth of certified cocoa in the market. But much more needs to be done from a variety of angles. One angle is consumer pressure to producers. Consumer pressure, coming from consumer countries, has been shown to be an effective way to improve labour and environmental practices of some producers and manufacturers located elsewhere. However, the pressure and actions need to come from a thorough understanding of the complete situation rather than identifying one or a few simple solutions that could have unintended consequences. Goal Your goal is to encourage students to take effective action to promote the sustainability of chocolate production along its supply chain. Here, sustainability includes environmental, human and political dimensions. Your task for this assignment is to create an eye-catching poster to encourage students to take concrete action. The poster needs to be honest, compelling and effective at engaging students at University of Toronto.

1. The poster needs to fit on an 8.5 X 11 inch sheet of paper and needs to be designed to catch the attention of students. Be creative! You can draw it by hand or use software. The poster needs to be easy to read.
2. The content of the poster aimed at University of Toronto students needs to communicate:

• What is the issue? This description needs to be very concise! You can stay with the big issue – sustainability of chocolate.
• Why is this an important issue? Your poster needs to state 3 points explaining why this is an important issue. Reference each point with a footnote as illustrated below.

2

• What actions are you asking each student to do? You need to identify 3 concrete actions that, through your research, you believe will have maximum effectiveness at improving the sustainability of chocolate production across the supply chain. The action is what you and your peers are most likely to do. You do not need references for each action. But the action needs come from your research, as likely to be effective in addressing the sustainability of chocolate.

1. References: You must have 3 different references from a credible source to support your explanation of why this is an important issue. Be careful in identifying independent versus industry-sponsored information which could be biased. You should avoid using sources that could be biased. Reference each point with a superscript number or letter.1 See below for the entry of the footnote. The reference in the footnote must be big enough to read. Please use APA style. You must include a credit for each image or photo that you use.

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Instrumental Analysis Chemistry

Electrochemistry Article:

1. Describe the detection technique developed in this article. You need to be very specific about

the substrate preparation and the chemistry behind the technique (this may require you to look up

information in the supporting literature provided in the paper).

1. What are the potential advantages of the technique presented in the papers in terms of trace

detection? When answering this question remember that you have two dimensions of data,

luminescence and voltage.

1. In your opinion did the authors give the correct detection limit for their method? Back this

answer up with calculations.

1. Figure 4a shows an increasing luminescence signal from 1 to 100 pico M of DNA. Does this

represent the useful dynamic range of the method? Explain your answer. Hint: Yes is not the

correct answer in my opinion.

1. What are two easy things the authors could have done to lower the detection limits for their

technique?

1. Does the technique as presented in this paper work on real world samples? Back this answer

up with facts given in the paper.

1. How could the technique be improved to better work better with real world DNA samples?

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Finance Theory and Practice

FIN 430 — Finance Theory and Practice
Project Assignments
Calculating the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)

for your Company

For use in Conjunction with the Firm Valuation Project

First ensure that you have read relevant pages in the text. Some important sections would include the following, but you may also double-check the references in the text by using the index [see: Cost of Capital and Target (optimal) Capital Structure, etc.]:

The important Chapter in the text is the one entitled “The Cost of Capital,” – with a particular focus on the section entitled “The Weighted Average Cost of Capital” and the section “Four Mistakes to Avoid” at the end of the chapter.

The WACC formula discussed below does not include Preferred Stock. Should your company use PS, be sure to adjust the equation for it, and see the section in the chapter on the Cost of Preferred Stock.

The WACC formula that we use is:

WACC = wdrd(1-T) + wsrs

We need to know how to calculate:

1. rs the cost of common equity. Use the Security Market Line (SML) – this is why you learn how to calculate a company’s beta and also why you learn how to find the appropriate risk-free rate and market-risk premium. For a review, see the section the text, The CAPM Approach.
2. The weights (wd and ws – note that: wd + ws = 1; so you only have to calculate one of them). We need to calculate the weight of debt and the weight of equity (for the cost of debt, this simply means: what proportion of the firm’s financing is by debt?). There is a lot to say here, simplified as Theory 1, Theory 2 and Practice:

a. Theory 1 : Theory says that we should use the target weights along with the market values of both debt and equity (see the Four Mistakes to Avoid ). But the market value of debt is typically difficult to calculate, because we need to know the YTM (which is rd) for all of the company’s debt, but we cannot calculate the YTM without having the current prices of the company’s outstanding bonds, and most company’s bonds do not trade (i.e., they will not have up-to-date or current prices – remember how to calculate the price (value) of a bond on your calculators?!). As a result, at least for the group project, we go to Theory 2.

b. Theory 2 : Theory also says that we should use the TARGET weights, but this is a management decision, and as “outsiders” we do not have access to the thoughts of the CFO or CEO. So we should look instead to the historical pattern of the use of debt (mix of debt and equity), and this is one reason that you should have about 10 years of financial data.

c. Practice: Since we cannot “work” according to the strict theory of finance, we have to estimate the relevant weights. As a result, we will use the formula: wd = Book Value of Debt / [Market Value of Equity + Book Value of Debt] The book value of debt is calculated by adding up ALL of the debt on the balance sheet. This will typically be the sum of Notes Payable, Current Portion of LT Debt and Long-Term Debt. The market value of equity is the “Market Cap,” and equals the number of (common) shares outstanding multiplied by the price/share. Note that the “timing” of this value should coincide with the book value of debt. For example, if you calculate the book value of debt as of 12/31/17, then the market cap should also be calculated for that date. Be very careful about using the reported Market Cap on Yahoo.finance – it may not have the same “timing.”

1. r d; the cost of debt. There may be more than one acceptable approach to calculate or estimate a company’s cost of debt (be sure to read the text!). One relatively straightforward method is to discover the company’s debt rating (e.g., by Moodys). This can usually be found on the company’s 10K (see the link on my homepage) and doing a word search for ‘rating’ or ‘debt rating.’ For a discussion of bond ratings, see the text (look in the index). If you can find the debt rating for your company then you can carry out the following steps (if you cannot find a bond rating for your company, you might try to estimate/guess what it is by considering your company’s beta and comparing the bond ratings for companies with similar betas). If you are not able to find a bond rating readily, you can register (for free ) at Standard & Poor’s and at Moody’s to find company ratings. You may also find other interesting and useful information there. For a general discussion of what the ratings mean, see the information from these rating agencies on my homepage at the Bond Rating link. Once you have the actual bond rating or an estimate you can then find or estimate your company’s cost of debt by going to Yahoo.finance and clicking on the Bonds/Rates link(http://bonds.yahoo.com/rates.html). Look at the yields for the 20 year Corporate Bonds by rating. If your company’s bond rating is listed, you’re in luck. If it is not listed then you can estimate the cost of debt. For example, if the AAA yield is 6.50%, the AA yield is 6.75% and the A yield is 7.00%, you can see a pattern (equation). For every increase in risk (from AAA to AA), there is a 0.25% increase in the yield. If your company has a BB rating, then it is two steps “below” the A rating, so you should add approximately 0.50% more to the 7.00% for the A rating, giving you a cost of debt for your company of about 7.50%. Note that this approach assumes a linear equation for the cost of debt (which may not be strictly true).

Another simple way is to look at the average cost of debt for the firm: Pre-tax cost of debt = annual interest payment / total interest-bearing debt. Please use the average cost for last three years.

1. The corporate tax rate ( T ). Be sure to read the section in the text on Corporate Income Taxes (Chapter 2). The correct tax rate for a company is the marginal tax rate for the future! If you expect your company to be very profitable for a long time into the future, then the tax rate ( T ) for your company should probably be the highest marginal tax rate applicable for corporations. But there are times when companies can obtain long-term tax breaks so that their tax rates may be lower than the stated (regulated) tax rate. Consequently you may want to calculate several/many historical effective tax rates for you company. The effective tax rate is the actual taxes paid divided by earnings before taxes (on the income statement). You can calculate/consider these rates for the past 5-10 years and then compare this effective tax rate to the legally mandated highest marginal corporate tax rate. If the past historical effective rate is lower than the marginal tax rate, there may be a good reason for using that lower rate in your pro formas.
2. r cs; the cost of common stock

You can use CAPM model to predict the cost of common stock. The equation runs as followings:

ri = rRF + (RPM) bi

In order to use this model, first you should estimate the beta of your stock. Please refer to the guidelines of beta calculation for more information. Please use the average 10 year Treasury bond rates as the proxy of risk-free rates.

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Moral Reasoning Assignment Detailed Task Outline Due date: March 22, 2019

PHIL201 Assignment 1: Moral Reasoning Assignment Detailed Task Outline Due date: March 22, 2019 Length: 1000-1200 words Weight: 30% The aim of this exercise is to help you become familiar with the techniques of moral reasoning and to encourage you to think critically about moral issues. Preparation

• Read the description of the Moral Reasoning Assignment 1 in the Assessment Guide.

• Make sure you read in detail the transcripts, news items and other information given to you in the assignment questions.

• You are not expected to use sources other than those listed in the questions and any relevant readings from the PHIL201 Reading List.

• The most relevant readings are those from Weeks 2 and 3 (The nature of ethics and the nature of moral reasoning).

• Review the marking rubric for this assignment. • Read ‘A Guide to Writing and Referencing Philosophy Essays’. While this

assignment is a short answer rather than an essay assignment, the guide has very useful advice relevant to writing in philosophy more generally and on plagiarism and referencing (in the Assessment section on the iLearn homepage).

• Read the Macquarie University Academic Honesty Policy (in the Assessment section on the iLearn homepage).

Answering the questions • This is a short answer assignment. Do not answer the questions in the

form of an essay, but avoid dot points. • Answer the questions succinctly and avoid introducing material not

directly relevant to the question. • Make sure you answer every part of each question. • Remember to provide sufficient detail in Section C to give a clear

indication of your overall position with respect to the cases and the principles you endorse.

• Include a bibliography with the main sources listed in the assignment questions and any additional sources you reference directly.

• Include citations in the body of the assignment where appropriate. • You may use any of the major referencing styles provided you do so

consistently. See http://libguides.mq.edu.au/Referencing

Guidelines The aim of this exercise is to help you become familiar with the techniques of moral reasoning and to encourage you to think critically about moral issues. Remember to support your particular moral judgments about these cases with reasons and principles. You should aim to justify your particular moral judgments using relevant moral principles and moral reasons. Refer to the ‘four principles’ approach and related readings from Week 2 for details about relevant reasons and principles. Remember the importance of specifying the details of the cases when applying and weighing competing values and principles. Aim to achieve a consistent fit between your moral beliefs, principles and particular judgments. Refer to the readings from Week 2 to find examples of moral principles and reasons and explanations of moral reasoning and justification. Assessment Criteria This task will be assessed by the following criteria: 1. Question

• Does the student show a clear and precise understanding of the questions?

• How well are the questions answered? 2. Ethical Analysis

• Does the student identify and explain key ethical issues in a clear and precise manner?

• Are answers adequately supported with reference to relevant ethical principles, values and reasons?

• Is the use of ethical principles, values and reasons coherent and consistent with the student’s particular moral judgements and moral conclusions?

1. Written Expression and Presentation • Is the written expression clear and concise? • Is physical presentation of the assignment adequate (in relation to

legibility, line-spacing, spelling, grammar, proofreading, word count etc.)? 4. Referencing

• Acknowledgement of sources (bibliography) • Correct citation of references

Submission

• All assignments must be submitted in an MS Word file via Turnitin. A link will be provided on the PHIL201 homepage.

• Include your name and student number. • Assignments are due by 5.00pm AEST, March 22, 2019

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