Astronomy 210: Descriptive Astronomy

Astronomy 210: Descriptive Astronomy

Harold Washington College, Chicago

Astronomy 201: Descriptive Astronomy

Exam 1- Spring 2019 __________________________________________________________________________________________

Instructions

The exam consists of 50 questions (Multiple Choice, True/False and Matching questions), 2 points per each question. In addition, this exam consists of 3 additional questions for extra credit.

Read the question and all the answers carefully before choose your answer.

Choose the best answer and mark your answers with a number 2 pencil on a 5-answer scan sheet (only one answer per question).

Try all the questions and make your best effort. Good luck! _______________________________________________________________________________________________

Formulas

Kepler’s third law: p2 = a3 Weight = m g

Newton’s second Law of motions: F= ma Momentum = m v

Angular momentum = m × v × r

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity: Fg = G M1 M2

d2

Newton’s version of Kepler’s third law: p2 = 2

G(M1 + M2) × a3

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Copernicus put the Sun in the center, but his model was not very accurate because the orbits were perfect circles.

A) True B) False

2) The reason for seasons on Earth is NOT the axis tilt. A) True B) False

3) On the moon your weight is less; your mass is the same. A) False B) True

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

4) According to astronomers, our solar system is 14 billion years old. A) True B) False

5) Stars seen from Earth appear to circle North Star “Polaris” are called circumpolar stars. A) True B) False

6) In Modern Astronomy, a constellation is a pattern of bright stars in the night sky. A) False B) True

7) Which of the following statements is not one of Newton’s Laws of Motion? A) For any force, there is always an equal and opposite reaction force. B) An object moves with a constant velocity, if the net force is zero. C) What goes up must come down. D) Net force = mass of the object × acceleration of the object.

.

8) Suppose you drop a feather and a bowling ball on the Moon from the same height at the same time. What will happen?

A) They will float in space because of the lack of gravity on the Moon. B) The feather will float and hammer will will hit the ground. C) The hammer will hit the ground first. D) The feather will hit the ground first. E) They both will hit the ground at the same time.

9) What makes the North Star, Polaris, special? A) It appears very near the north celestial pole. B) It is the brightest star in the sky. C) It is the star directly on your northern horizon. D) It is the star straight overhead. E) It can be used to determine your longitude on Earth.

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

For Questions 10 and 11, Where did the following elements form?

10) Hydrogen and most of helium form

11) Most of the materials (C, O, N, Si… etc) that makes up the Earth, all life on Earth, including humans, were formed

A) inside the early generation of stars

B) inside the center of the galaxies

C) inside dwarft planets

D) in the Big Bang

E) inside the Sun

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

12) What do astronomers mean by the Big Bang? A) The event which the expansion began B) The explosion of a massive star at the end of its life C) The event that marked the birth of our Solar system D) A gigantic explosion in the universe E) The event that marked the birth of our Miky Way Galaxy

13) The diagram below shows the Earth in its orbit around the Sun. Positions A, B, C and D represent the location of Earth at the begining of each season . At which position of Earth does Chicago experience the first day of winter?

A) Position A B) Position B C) Position c D) Position D

14) Why is it summer in the Northern Hemisphere when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere? A) The Northern Hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun and receives more indirect sunlight. B) The Northern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun and receives more direct sunlight. C) Due to Earth’s tilt, the Northern Hemisphere is closer to the Sun than the Southern Hemisphere. D) It isn’t; both hemispheres have the same seasons at the same time. Summer comes when Earth is nearest

the Sun.

MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.

For Questions 15 and 16, What is the best explaination for the changes in the night sky?

15) Orion is visible to an observer in Illinois state on winter evenings but not on summer evenings.

16) Everyday, we see the Moon and stars rise in the east and set in the west.

A) Day light saving time

B) The location of Earth in its orbit

C) The Earth’s axis tilt

D) The Earth’s rotation on its axis

E) The Earth’s precession

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

17) Which of the following conditions must exist for a lunar eclipse to occur? A) The only condition is that the phase of the Moon must be full. B) Moon phase is full, and the Moon is passing through the Earth’s orbital plane. C) The only condition is that the Earth must orbit the Moon. D) Moon phase is new, and the Moon is passing through the Earth’s orbital plane. E) The only condition is that the phase of the Moon must be new.

18) Which of the following observation was not usd for practical purpose by early cultures? A) Sun rise and sun set B) Shadows cast by sticks or structures C) Orientation of the crescent moon relative to the horizon. D) Lunar cycle E) Motion of distant galaxies

19) Which of the following has the various objects listed in order from smallest to largest? A) Earth, Local Group, solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Supercluster B) Earth, solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group, Local Supercluster C) Earth, solar system, Local Group, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Supercluster D) Earth, solar system, Local Supercluster, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group E) Earth, solar system, Local Group, Local Supercluster, Milky Way Galaxy

20) What happens during the apparent retrograde motion of a planet? A) The planet rises in the west and sets in the east. This is an illusion completely due to Earth’s motion. B) The planet, under strong gravitational influences, travels backwards, westward in its orbit around the

Sun. C) The planet’s orbit decays and it retrogressively returns to its former orbit. D) The planet appears to turn around in its eastward path through the stars and backs up for many nights

traveling westwardly.

21) In addition to the conditions required for any solar eclipse, what must also be true in order for you to observe a total solar eclipse?

A) Earth must lie completely within the Moon’s penumbra. B) The Moon’s umbra must touch the area where you are located. C) Earth must lie completely within the Moon’s umbra. D) The Moon’s penumbra must touch the area where you are located.

22) All the following statements are true. Which one follows directly from Kepler’s third law (p2 = a3)? A) Venus takes longer to rotate than it does to orbit the Sun. B) Venus orbital period is larger than Mercury. C) Venus is more massive than Mercury. D) Venus has a thicker atmosphere than Mercury.

23) On the cosmic calendar, where every month is about 1.2 billion years long, and where the Big Bang happened on January 1, entire history of human civilization falls into

A) last few months B) last two weeks C) December D) last minute

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

24) Diagram below shows the stellar parallax of a nearby star as an observer see it from different places in Earth’s orbit.

The parallax angle of two stars is reported in a star catalog. Which star is farther? A) The one with the larger parallax angle. B) The one with the smaller parallax angle. C) Can’t tell, since parallax angle has nothing to do with distance. D) Modern astronomers do not have the ability to measure stellar paralax.

The diagram below is for Question 25-27. The diagram shows the apparent daily path of the Sun on three different days of the year, as viewed by an observer in Illinois State .

25) During which day of the year is the Sun most likely to follow the apprent path as “Path A”? A) December 21 B) September 21 C) June 21 D) March 21

26) Illinoise State gets less direct sunlight when the Sun most likely to follow _ A) the Path c B) the Path A C) the Path B D) through point X

27) If the apperent daily path of the Sun is on “Path B”, how many hours the Sun is above the horizon? A) 12 hours B) more than 15 hours C) 6- 12 hours D) 12 -15 hours

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28) The number of official constellations is A) 12. B) 13 C) 88. D) 44.

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

The diagram below shows the Moon as it orbit Earth. The locations 1-8 represent different position of the moon in its orbit.

29) At which position, the Moon’s phase is full? A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7 E) 8

30) Which image correctly represents the phase of Moon at position 3, as seen by an observer in the Northeren Hemisphere.

(a) (b) (c) (d) A) Image (a) B) Image (b) C) Image (c) D) Image (d)

31) At which Moon position could a solar eclipse be seen from Earth? A) 1 B) 3 C) 5 D) 7 E) 8

32) The Andromeda Galaxy, the Smal and Large Magellenic Clouds are Local Group Galaxies. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(a) The Andromeda Galaxy is moving toward us (b) The Smal and Large Magellenic Clouds are moving toward us (c) The Smal and Large Magellenic Clouds are orbiting us (d) All of them move away from us.

A) Both (a) and (c) are correct B) Only (c) is correct C) Nothing is correct D) Both (a) and (b) are correct E) Only (b) is correct

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

33) Ocean tides are caused primarily by : A) Mars’s gravity B) The Earth’s orbit around the sun C) The Earth’s rotation D) The Moon’s gravity E) The Earth’s precession

34) The phenomenon, which Earth’s rotation axis slowly makes a circle in the celestial sphere over 26,000 years is called

A) rotation B) escaping. C) state of free fall D) precession. E) spin-coupling.

35) From Kepler’s third law, an comet with an orbital period of 1 years lies at an average distance from the Sun equal to

A) 1 astronomical units. B) 8 astronomical units. C) 2 astronomical units. D) 4 astronomical units. E) It depends on the asteroid’s mass.

36) The contribution of Tycho Brahe was to __. A) observe planetary positions with sufficient accuracy B) discover that planets orbit the Sun in ellipse C) discover four moons orbiting Jupiter D) offer the first detailed model of a Sun-centered solar system

37) Which of the following is best describes the Milky Way Galaxy? A) A circular shaped disk containing 100 billion stars B) A circular shaped disk containing 100 million stars C) A spiral shaped disk with diameter of 100 light years D) A spiral shaped disk containing 100 billion stars E) A spiral shaped disk containing 100 million stars

38) When NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft passed by Jupiter, its speed increased (but not due to firing its engines). What must have happened?

A) Jupiter’s rotation must have sped up slightly. B) New Horizons must have dipped through Jupiter’s atmosphere. C) Jupiter captured an asteroid during the period New Horizons passed by, as accurately predicted in NASA’s

mission plan. D) New Horizons spacecraft gained significant amout of orbital energy. E) Jupiter captured New Horizons by its gravity and set it in an orbit around Jupiter

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

39) Newton’s version of Kepler’s third law states: p2 = 2

G(M1 + M2) × a3

According to this, what observational information does one need in order to calculate the combined mass of a planet and its moon?

A) the orbital period and the density of the two objects B) the radius of the two planets in meters and the average distance between them C) the average distance between the two objects and the orbital period D) It is impossible to determine the mass of any astronomical object.

The diagram below is for Question 40 -43. The diagram shows different positions of Earth in its orbit around the sun.

40) The point “A” is called A) aphelion B) center C) perihelion D) major axis E) focus

41) Earth is at position “C” in July and at position “A” in January. During which Northern Hemisphere season is Earth moving slowest in its orbit?

A) winter B) spring C) summer D) fall

42) Where is Earth’s orbital angular momentum at its maximum? A) When the Earth is at position “D” B) When the Earth is at position “C” C) When the Earth is at position “B” D) When the Earth is at position “A” E) Its angular momentum does not change.

43) Where does the Earth have the largest amount of total orbital energy? A) When the Earth is at position “B” B) When the Earth is at position “D” C) When the Earth is at position “A” D) When the Earth is at position “C” E) Its orbital energy does not change.

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

44) Which statement must be true in order for a rocket to travel out from Earth’s orbit and to reach another planet? A) It must have very large engines. B) It must carry a lot of extra fuel. C) It must attain escape velocity from Earth. D) It must be launched from space not from the Earth.

45) Which factors resposible for the strength of gravitational attraction force between a planet and the Sun? (a) Degree of tilt of the planet’s axis (b) Distance between planet and the sun (c) Planet’s orbital period (d) Masses of the Sun and the planet

A) only (b) and (c) B) only (a) and (c) C) only (b) and (d) D) all of them E) none of them

46) Which is true about 1 AU ? A) 150 million km B) The distance that light travels in one year with the speed of light C) The average distance of Earth from the Sun. D) 10 trillion km E) both A and C

47) Which of the Galileo’s observation offered direct proof for the Sun centered model? A) phases of Venus B) four moons orbiting Jupiter C) Sun’s spots D) patterns of shadow and sunlight on the Moon’s face E) the Milky Way is composed of many individual stars

48) Which of the following is not a direct consequence of, Kepler’s three Laws in Planetary Motion? A) The planet’s period does not depend on the eccentricity of its orbit. B) More distant planets orbit the Sun at slower speeds. C) The force of attraction between any two objects decreases with the square of the distance between their

centers. D) As a planet orbits the Sun, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times. E) Each planet orbits the Sun inan ellipse with the Sun at one focus.

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

49) Which of the following statements best describes the accomplishments of these men? A) Galilio performed experiments and celestrial obervations, Newton provided the Laws of planetary

motion,, Kepler explained the model in terms of gravity. B) Kepler provided the Laws of planetary motion, Galilio performed experiments and celestrial obervations,

Newton explained the model in terms of gravity. C) Kepler performed experiments and celestrial obervations, Galilio provided the Laws of planetary motion,,

Newton explained the model in terms of gravity. D) Newton performed experiments and celestrial obervations, Galilio provided the Laws of planetary

motion,, Kepler explained the model in terms of gravity.

50) What is true about one light-year? Light travels at 300,000 km/sec. A) The distance that light travels in one month. B) The average distance of Earth from the Sun. C) Diameter of the Milky Way galaxy. D) The distance that light travels in one year. E) Distance from the Sun to Pluto.

Questions 51- 53 are for extra credits (Total 5 points)

51) The diagrams below illustrate 4 models/illustartions, which were used to explain planetary motion by early astronomers.

A B C D

Well known early astronomers who had contributed or developed ideas to advance the understanding of planetary motion are listed below.

Aristotle Kepler Copernicus Ptolemy Tyco Galileo

Which of the following statement correctly matches the model and name of the early astronomer? (2 points)

A) A: Copernicus; B: Aristotle; C: Kepler ; D: Ptolemy B) A: Tycho; B: Copernicus; C: Kepler ; D: Ptolemy C) A: Aristotle; B: Copernicus; C: Kepler ; D: Ptolemy D) A: Galileo; B: Copernicus; C: Ptolemy ; D: Kepler E) A: Tyco; B: Copernicus; C: Ptolemy ; D: Galileo

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

Add Note Here 52) Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(a) Earth orbits the sun once each year clockwise. (b) Earth orbits the sun once each year counter-clockwise. (c) Earth rotates once each day around its axis clockwise. (d) Earth rotates once each day around its axis counter-clockwise.

(e) Earth axis is tilted by 23 1 2

0 from a line perpendicular to the ecliptic plane (1 point)

A) only (a) and (c) are correct B) only (a), (c) and (e) are correct C) only (b), (d) and (e) are correct D) only (b) and (d) are is correct E) all are correct

53) In each diagram below, the mass of the star and the distance between planets are the same . Which planet has the greatest force of gravitational attraction between the star?

(2 points) A) Planet A B) Planet B C) Planet C D) Planet D E) All the planets experience the same gravitational attraction force.

Descriptive Astronomy 201 B Exam 1- Spring 2019

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