How can this resistance be overcome?

/in /by

How can this resistance be overcome?

1.QUESTION: What are the basic reasons that people resist change? How can this resistance be overcome?

2.QUESTION: Discuss the team dynamics for a highly effective or ineffective team of which you were a member. Can you explain why the team performed so well or so poorly?

3.QUESTION: How would one define business intelligence (BI)? Identify and briefly discuss a real-world application of BI?

4.Indicate at least one source or reference in your original post. You can use your textbook or current research articles. Please see the rubric for information on how I will assess your discussion post.

QUESTION: Provide a real-world example or describe a hypothetical situation in which a legitimate organization used spam in an effective and nonintrusive manner to promote a product or service.

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Discuss the team dynamics for a highly effective or ineffective team of which you were a member

/in /by

Discuss the team dynamics for a highly effective or ineffective team of which you were a member

1.QUESTION: What are the basic reasons that people resist change? How can this resistance be overcome?

2.QUESTION: Discuss the team dynamics for a highly effective or ineffective team of which you were a member. Can you explain why the team performed so well or so poorly?

3.QUESTION: How would one define business intelligence (BI)? Identify and briefly discuss a real-world application of BI?

4.Indicate at least one source or reference in your original post. You can use your textbook or current research articles. Please see the rubric for information on how I will assess your discussion post.

QUESTION: Provide a real-world example or describe a hypothetical situation in which a legitimate organization used spam in an effective and nonintrusive manner to promote a product or service.

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Discussions —4

/in /by

Discussions —4

1.QUESTION: What are the basic reasons that people resist change? How can this resistance be overcome?

2.QUESTION: Discuss the team dynamics for a highly effective or ineffective team of which you were a member. Can you explain why the team performed so well or so poorly?

3.QUESTION: How would one define business intelligence (BI)? Identify and briefly discuss a real-world application of BI?

4.Indicate at least one source or reference in your original post. You can use your textbook or current research articles. Please see the rubric for information on how I will assess your discussion post.

QUESTION: Provide a real-world example or describe a hypothetical situation in which a legitimate organization used spam in an effective and nonintrusive manner to promote a product or service.

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Analyzing the impact of government policy on the long-term growth rate of an economy.

/in /by

Analyzing the impact of government policy on the long-term growth rate of an economy.

In neoclassical growth models, the sources of growth, is exogenous usually “technology”. Such theoretical models hence are able to describe how an economy grows, but not why it grows. To overcome this shortcoming, several growth models have been developed that make growth an endogenous variable. In contrast to neoclassical growth theory, endogenous growth theory argues that policy measures (such as subsidies on R&D and education) can have an increase long-run growth rate of an economy.

Write an essay

· Developing a brief summary of endogenous and exogenous growth theories.

· Analyzing the impact of government policy on the long-term growth rate of an economy.

· MS Word

· APA Format

· At least 750 words

· At least 2 references

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Divorce and Relationship Dissolution

/in /by

Divorce and Relationship Dissolution

Chapter 14

Divorce and Relationship Dissolution

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

*

Chapter Outline

Today’s Divorce Rate
Why Did the Divorce Rate Rise Throughout the Twentieth Century?
Why the Divorce Rate Stabilized over the Past Three Decades
Thinking About Divorce: Weighing the Alternatives
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Chapter Outline

Getting the Divorce
The Economic Consequences of Divorce
The Social and Emotional Consequences of Divorce
Child-Custody Issues
Styles of Parental Relationships After Divorce
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Today’s Divorce Rate

Roughly half of all first marriages in the U.S. will likely end in divorce.
Divorce is associated with lower well-being for both parents and children.
The U.S. has among the highest divorce rate in the world.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Today’s Divorce Rate

The divorce rate started its upward swing in the nineteenth century.
The frequency of divorce increased throughout most of the twentieth century, with dips and upswings surrounding historical events such as the Great Depression and major wars as well as the Great Recession beginning in 2007.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Refined/Crude Divorce Rate

The refined divorce rate is the number of divorces per 1,000 married women.
The crude divorce rate is the number of divorces per 1,000 population.
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Divorces per 1,000 married women age 15 and older in the U.S., 1920-2014.

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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorces per 1,000 population,
1950 to 2014 (crude divorce rate).

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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Divorce Divide

The decline in divorce rates varies by social category. It has declined dramatically for college graduates, whereas less-educated men and women have experienced virtually stable divorce rates.
Divorce can also vary by income. People who earn more than $50,000 have a 30-percent lower risk of divorce than those earning under $25,000 annually.
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Starter Marriages and Silver Divorces

A starter marriage is a first marriage that ends within the first few years, usually without children.
Divorce in later years (silver divorce) is no longer rare. This is particularly true for the baby-boom generation, born between 1946 and 1964.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorce Among Gay and Lesbian Couples

With the legalization of same-sex marriage in the U.S., more gay and lesbian couples will likely choose to marry.
More same-sex marriage will likely result in more same-sex divorce.
There appears to be no difference between divorce rates between gay/lesbian and heterosexual couples.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Redivorce

Americans have not given up on marriage.
Among ever-married men and women, roughly 13 percent have been married two or more times.
Remarriages have led to the phenomenon of multiple divorces.
A 2009 survey found that about one-third of men and women who divorced in the preceding 12 months had been previously divorced.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Why Did the Divorce Rate Rise Throughout the Twentieth Century?

Demographic Factors (e.g., remarriage, heterogamous marriage, cohabitation, etc.)
Economic Factors
Loss of income increases the risk of divorce.
Unhappily married woman who are employed have more economic power, increased independence, and self-confidence.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Why Did the Divorce Rate Rise Throughout the Twentieth Century?

Weakening Social, Moral, and Legal Constraints
Emphasis on the emotional relationship over the institutional benefits results in marriage not being viewed as permanent
Defining marriage as semipermanent can become a self-fulfilling prophecy
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Why Did the Divorce Rate Rise Throughout the Twentieth Century?

High Expectations for Marriage
Marriage is expected to meet each spouse’s need for love but also personal happiness and life satisfaction.
Interpersonal Dynamics
Relationship dissatisfaction is positively associated with the risk of divorce.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Issues for Thought: Should Divorce Be Harder to Get?

Those who believe divorce is too readily available have proposed restrictions including:
Restoration of fault for all divorces
A waiting period of as long as five years
A more extensive process for divorces involving children
Prioritization of children’s needs in post-divorce financial arrangements
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Why the Divorce Rate Stabilized over the Past Three Decades

Fewer people are marrying at young ages.
Couples have improved their standard of living and have less tension at home.
Spouses are negotiating marriages based on less rigid gender roles.
There is increased determination by the children of a divorcing generation to make their marriages work.
Cohabitation has increased.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Deciding to Divorce

Deciding to divorce is difficult.
Couples struggle with feelings about their past hopes, current unhappiness, and an uncertain future.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Thinking about Divorce: Weighing the Alternatives

Not everyone who thinks about divorce actually gets one.
As divorce becomes a more available option, spouses may compare the benefits of their union to the potential consequences of not being married.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Levinger’s Model of Divorce Decisions

Levinger’s model suggests that spouses assess their marriage in terms of
Barriers to divorce
Alternatives to the marriage
Rewards of the marriage
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

“What’s Stopping Me?” Barriers to Divorce

Respondents to the Marital Instability Over the Life Course surveys named children, religion, and lack of financial resources as barriers to divorce.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Children as a Barrier to Divorce

When parents consider divorce, they often think about the potential impact on their children—and that is a barrier to divorce.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

“What’s Stopping Me?” Barriers to Divorce

Researchers examining quantitative data from the surveys found only three of nine barriers associated with lower likelihood of divorce:
The wife’s income was a smaller percentage of the family income.
Church attendance was high.
There was a new child.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

“Would I Be Happier?” Alternatives to the Marriage

This element of Levinger’s theory was found least important in the decision to divorce.
A British study found people to be less happy one year after separation, but in one year after the divorce, people were happier than they had been while married.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

“Can This Marriage Be Saved?” Rewards of the Current Marriage

Some partners respond to marital distress by trying to improve their relationship and by focusing on the rewards of their current marriage.
One must decide whether divorce is a healthy step away from an unhappy relationship that cannot be improved.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Other Solutions to Marital Distress: Marital Separation

Wineberg’s study, using a sample of white women from the 1987 National Survey of Families and Households, found that 44% of the separated women attempted reconciliation.
Virtually no marriages were resumed after eight months of separation.
Only one-third of the reconciliations resulted in a continued marriage.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Stable Unhappy Marriages

Researchers Hawkins and Booth studied unhappy marriages for twelve years and compared people in unhappy marriages to divorced, single, and remarried individuals.
Their study suggested that unhappily married people who dissolve low quality marriages likely have greater odds of improving their well-being than those remaining in such unions.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Getting the Divorce

The “black box” of divorce: People do not know much about the inner workings of the divorce process.
Initiating the divorce: Initiating and noninitiating partners talk about their reasons in different terms.
Women more often initiate a divorce. The one “left” experiences a greater loss of control and has much mourning yet to do.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Legal Aspects of Divorce

A legal divorce is the dissolution of the marriage by the state through a court order terminating the marriage.
Two aspects of the legal divorce make marital breakup painful:
Divorce in court is a rational, unceremonial exchange that takes only a few minutes.
Under the U.S. judicial system, a lawyer advocates his or her client’s interest only.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorce Mediation

Divorce mediation is a nonadversarial means of dispute resolution by which a couple, with a mediator, negotiate the settlement of their custody, support, property, and visitation issues.
Early research indicated that couples who use divorce mediation feel more satisfied with the process and the results, and report better relationships with ex-spouses and children.
Some recent research summaries are less enthusiastic.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorce “Fallout”

Divorce fallout refers to ruptures of relationships and changes in social networks that come about as a result of divorce.
Family and friendship networks all must be renegotiated.
At the same time, divorce provides the opportunity for forming new ties.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Kin No More

When a couple divorces, relationships with family members can be “reinterpreted” in many ways:
Kin promotion
Kin exchange
Nonkin conversion
Kin retention
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorce and Extended Families

Divorce affects the extended family as well as the nuclear one.
In some families, new extended networks are formed.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Extended Families

Most extended families find themselves touched by divorce.
All fifty states have passed grandparent visitation laws.
Grandparents very commonly become closer to grandchildren, as adult children turn to grandparents for help or grandchildren seek emotional support.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Friends No More?

A change in marital status is likely to mean a change in one’s community of friends.
The newly divorced must find new communities to replace old friendships that are no longer mutually satisfying.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Economic Consequences of Divorce

The economic fallout of divorce can be severe. No one “wins” financially in a divorce. Everyone’s standard of living suffers, especially children’s.
However, wives experience greater and more enduring losses than husbands.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Children under 18 living in poverty, 2013

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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Standard of Living after Divorce

Both mothers and fathers experience a substantial decline in their standard of living after a divorce.
They may need to move to less expensive—and less desirable—housing and away from their former neighborhood, school, and friends.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Economic Losses for Women

Sociologist Lenore Weitzman compared the postdivorce economic decline of women with children to the improved standard of living of ex-husbands.
Women and their children experience declines in family income of between 27% and 51%.
A fundamental reason for the income disparity between ex-husbands and their former wives is men’s and women’s unequal wages and different work patterns.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Economic Losses for Men

Married men experience a decline in family income of anywhere from 8 to 41 percent, mainly because of the loss of the partner’s income.
However, even if a man’s income drops after divorce, so do his expenses.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Child Support

Child support involves money paid by the noncustodial parent to the custodial parent to support the children of an ended marital, cohabiting, or sexual relationship.
For many years, the child support awarded to the custodial parent was often not paid.
Policy makers’ concerns about child poverty, the economic consequences of divorce for women, and welfare costs led to federal laws that have changed that situation considerably.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Child Support

Still, even when fully paid, child support amounts are not impressive, averaging $330/month.
Many custodial parents receive government assistance.
The principal reason for nonpayment of child support is unemployment or underemployment.
Suggested solutions to nonpayment include government-guaranteed child support and a children’s allowance.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

The Social and Emotional Consequences of Divorce

Numerous studies over several decades indicate that compared to married individuals, people who have divorced have more health problems, more symptoms of anxiety and depression, more substance use, and greater overall mortality.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Consequences for Women and Men

Selection factors may sort people into groups with higher divorce risks as well as negative outcomes after divorce.
Stress-related growth—sometimes divorce provides an escape from marital behaviors that are more harmful than divorce itself.
A variety of moderating factors determine whether divorce has a positive effect on adult adjustment.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorce and Children: The Wallerstein Research

In a longitudinal study of children’s postdivorce adjustment, psychologists Wallerstein and Kelly interviewed all the members of some sixty families who had entered counseling at the time of the parents’ separation in 1971.
They reinterviewed the children at one year, two years, five years, ten years, and, in some cases, fifteen years later and finally again at the twenty-five year point.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorce and Children: The Wallerstein Research

In the initial aftermath of the divorce, children appeared worst in terms of their psychological adjustment at one year after separation.
By two years postdivorce, households had generally stabilized.
At five years, 34% “coped well”; 29% were in a middle range of adequate functioning; and 37% were not coping well.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorce and Children: The Wallerstein Research

Wallerstein found that children whose parents have divorced will more than likely have less money available for their needs.
Divorce settlements seldom include arrangements to pay for children’s college education.
The Wallerstein study is well known for its methodological problems. Still, other research supports the conclusion that divorce has negative and long-term effects.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Race/Ethnic Differences in Effects of Divorce on Children

Negative effects of divorce and living with a single mother appear to be less serious for black and Hispanic adolescents than for whites.
Family dynamics and the level of stigmatization of single parenthood may account for these differences.
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Reasons for Negative Effects of Divorce on Children

Life stress – accumulation of stressors results in problems for children of divorce.
Parental loss – assumes both parents in the same house is best for children.
Parental adjustment – quality of parenting is important in children’s adjustment to divorce.
Economic hardship – assumes the economic hardship caused is responsible for problems faced by children with divorced parents.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Reasons for Negative Effects of Divorce on Children

Interparental conflict – conflict between parents is responsible for the lowered well-being of children of divorce.
Selection perspective – at least some of the child’s problems after the divorce were present before the marriage
Family instability – number of transitions in and out of various family settings is the key to children’s adjustment
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Divorce and Sibling Relationships

Some believe that sibling rivalry and conflict increase after a divorce.
Others suggest that siblings become closer and more supportive n the face of unstable and unreliable relationships with adults.
Most available research supports the first hypothesis.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

An Optimistic Look at Outcomes for Children of Divorce

Much research supports a moderate version of Wallerstein’s research.
Hetherington has a much more optimistic view of the outcomes for children of divorce than dose Wallerstein.
Ahrons found that, 20 years after the fact, almost 80% of children of divorce think their parents’ decision was a good one.
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Clinical Problems versus Psychological Pain

Amato distinguishes between clinical problems caused by divorce and psychological pain.
Children of divorce have an increased risk of social and emotional problems, but not an increased risk of “serious” issues such as being clinically anxious or depressed.
Middle ground: Children of divorce are disadvantaged compared to those of married parents, but perhaps not as badly disadvantaged as previously thought.
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Child Custody Issues

Legal custody: Who has the right to make decisions about the child’s upbringing
Physical custody: Where will a child live
Joint custody: Both divorced parents take equal responsibility for important decisions about the child’s general upbringing.
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Child Custody Issues

Custody patterns and preferences in law have changed over time.
In the 1970s, custody criteria were made gender neutral. Still, many courts continue to give preference to mothers; 82% of custodial parents are mothers.
However, there has been a dramatic increase in fathers with joint physical and legal custody.
Lesbian couples with children typically opt for joint custody.
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The Residential Parent

Custodial parents, overwhelmingly women, face the challenge of being solely responsible for their children’s care.
They often feel overwhelmed and exhausted, with little time to meet their own needs.
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The Visiting Parent

Most nonresident parents are fathers. Visitation tends to decline over time.
Still, noncustodial fathers are more involved with their children now than in the past. Social media has helped fathers stay in touch with their kids.
Some studies indicate that nonresident father involvement positively impacts their children. However, some nonresident fathers are not good role models.
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The Visiting Parent

Noncustodial mothers are popularly stereotyped as “deviant” in some way.
Being a nonresident mother is a stressful parenting role.
Noncustodial mothers are advised to focus on building a relationship rather than thinking of the traditional “maternal” role.
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Joint Custody

Both divorced parents continue to take equal responsibility for important decisions regarding the child’s general upbringing.
High rate of geographic mobility makes joint custody difficult.
Studies indicate that children in joint custody arrangements experience superior adjustment.
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Styles of Parental Relationships After Divorce

Perfect Pals and Cooperative Colleagues
Parallel Parenting
Co-Parenting
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The Binuclear Family Study

98 divorcing couples approximately one year after their divorce
Primarily white, middle-class couples from one Wisconsin county
At the one-year point, 50% of had amicable relations while the other 50% did not.
In half the cases, the divorce was harmful to the family; in the other half, the divorcing spouses provided children with two parents and healthy families.
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Co-Parenting

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A “team” approach to raising children after divorce.
Not the same as joint custody.
Factors affecting co-parenting success include previous good co-parenting relationship during the marriage; mediated rather than hostile divorce process; good post-divorce relationship between ex-spouses; and some length of time since the divorce.
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As We Make Choices: Rules for Successful Co-Parenting

Do not talk negatively about the other parent.

Do not question the children about the other parent.

Do not argue in front of the children.

Do not make promises to the children at the expense of the other parent.

Do communicate with the other parent and have similar rules.

Make decisions based on the child’s well-being.

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As We Make Choices: Rules for Successful Co-Parenting

Confirm schedule changes beforehand.

Notify the other parent in a timely way if some changes need to be made.

Do not schedule activities for the child during the child’s time with the other parent.

Keep the other parent informed of the child’s activities and appointments.

Make sure the other parent has up-to-date contact information.

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As We Make Choices: Rules for Successful Co-Parenting

Refer to the other parent as “mom” or “dad” rather than by first or last name.

Do not involve the child in adult issues.

Do not ask children where they want to live.

Do not attempt to alienate the other parent from the child’s life.

Do not allow stepparents or others to negatively modify your relationship with the other parent.

Do not make your children feel guilty.

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Remarriages and Stepfamilies

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Remarriages and Stepfamilies

Chapter 15

Remarriages and Stepfamilies

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Chapter Outline

Defining and Measuring Stepfamilies
Choosing Partners the Next Time
Happiness Satisfaction, and Stability in Remarriage
Day-to-Day Living in Stepfamilies
Well-Being in Stepfamilies
Creating Supportive Stepfamilies
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Defining and Measuring Stepfamilies

Today, approximately 25 percent of all marriages are remarriages for one or both partners.
Can be formed through legal marriage, cohabitation, marriage after childbirth, or other arrangements.
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© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Pathways to Stepfamily Living

Can originate with a birth to a married or cohabiting couple
Can originate from a birth to a single mother who is neither married nor cohabiting
Children born to married or cohabiting parents can experience parents’ divorce or union dissolution or death
After death or divorce of ex-partner, a parent may marry or remarry, forming a married stepfamily
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Pathways to Stepfamily Living

Parent can also go on to form a cohabiting union with a new partner after divorce or death or an ex-partner
A cohabiting stepfamily may be permanent, or it may transition to a married or remarried stepfamily
Multipartnered parenthood and subsequent union dissolutions and formations add even greater complexity
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Pathways to Stepfamily Living

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Various Types of Stepfamilies

Stepfamilies created by widowhood or divorce followed by remarriage
Stepfamilies created by nonmarital childbearing
Stepfamilies created by cohabitation
Children and households living in stepfamilies
Multiple-household stepfamilies
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Various Types of Stepfamilies

Stepfamilies with adult stepchildren
Race/ethnic diversity in stepfamilies
Stepfamilies with gay and lesbian parents
Other types of stepfamilies
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U.S. Children Under 18 Living in Stepfamilies, 2012

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A New Model of Stepfamilies

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Assumption Traditional Revised
Union type Remarriage First marriage, remarriage, cohabitation
Residence of children Co-resident, static Co-resident and nonresident; dynamic
Stage of family life cycle Child rearing; children ages 0-18 Parenting across the life course (incl. children 18+)
Race/ethnicity White All races and ethnicities
Social class Middle class All classes
Sexual orientation Heterosexual Heterosexual or homosexual
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Perceptions of Stepfamilies: Stereotypes and Stigmas

Stepfamilies are stigmatized in that they are perceived as being less functional and desirable than original two-parent families.
According to this nuclear-family model monopoly, the first-marriage family is the “real” standard for family living, with all other family forms seen as deficient alternatives.
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Choosing Partners the Next Time

Parents must consider their own needs as well as their childrens’.
Can be challenging to accept a partner who accepts children as part of the relationship.
Children and in-laws may be ambivalent about the new relationship.
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Dating with Children

Courtship may proceed much more rapidly when dating before remarriage.
Dating may also include outings with one or both partners’ children; or, couples may choose to keep their dating relationships and home lives separate.
Couples with children can struggle to determine the “right time” to introduce children to dating partners.
Couples with children from previous relationships sometimes “drift into” cohabitation.
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What Kinds of People Become Stepparents?

Men with children are much more likely than childless men to cohabit or marry a woman with children.
Women whose children see their nonresident fathers more often are more likely to remarry.
For men, marrying someone with children is generally seen as undesirable. This is somewhat less true for women.
Remarriage benefits women financially more than men, though both do benefit.
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Second Weddings

Second weddings tend to have fewer guests, few or no wedding attendants, and forgo traditions such as the tossing of the bouquet.
Remarriage wedding ceremonies are complicated, emotionally charged, and often awkward affairs.
Many children are critical of their stepparents’ wedding ceremony.
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Remarrying couples differ from first-marrying couples in their degree of homogamy. This is because choosing a remarriage partner differs from making a marital choice the first time inasmuch as there is a smaller pool of eligible on any given attribute.
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Happiness, Satisfaction, and Stability in Remarriage

Marital happiness and marital satisfaction are synonymous phrases that refer to the quality of the marital relationship whether or not it is permanent.
Marital stability refers simply to the duration of the union.
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Happiness, Satisfaction, and Stability in Remarriage

Research shows little difference in spouses’ overall well-being or in marital happiness between first and later unions.
Evidence shows that there is more equity, or fairness, in remarriages than in first marriages.
One study found that this appears to have more to do with an ex-wife’s less-than-satisfactory experience in her first marriage, and subsequent partner selection for remarriage.
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The Stability of Remarriages

Remarriages are less stable than first marriages.
Selection effect is prevalent.
Post-divorce cohabitation is positively associated with remarital instability
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The Stability of Remarriages

People who divorce are disproportionately from lower-middle- and lower-class groups, which have a higher tendency to divorce.

People who remarry after divorce are more accepting of divorce and are willing to choose divorce as a way to resolve an unsatisfactory marriage.

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The Stability of Remarriages

Remarrieds receive less social support from their families of origin and are less integrated with parents and in-laws.

Remarriages present some stresses on a couple that are not inherent in first marriages.

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Day-to-Day Living in Stepfamilies

Society offers members of stepfamilies an underdeveloped script.
Noting the cultural ambiguity of stepfamily relationships, social scientist Andrew Cherlin thirty years ago called the remarried family an incomplete institution.
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Boundary Ambiguity in Stepfamilies

Boundary ambiguity is any discrepancy in spouses’ or partners’ reports of shared children and/or stepchildren.
Boundary ambiguity was present among 25 percent of couples with stepchildren; higher among couples with nonresident stepchildren than with resident stepchildren.
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Boundary Ambiguity in Four Family Forms

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Family Form Boundary Ambiguity (%)
Two-biological-parent family 0.6
Single-mother family 11.6
Married stepparent family 30.2
Cohabiting stepparent family 65.9
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The Stepfamily System

Family Systems Theory
Family systems theory emphasizes interdependence in family relationships.
Because stepfamily members are often uncertain about how they should behave toward one another, they tend to look to other family members for cues.
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The Stepfamily System

Triadic Communication
Family dynamics can sometimes become set.
Triads can be linked, outsider, adult-coalition, complete.
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Perceived Types of Triadic Communication Structures in Stepfamilies

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The Stepfamily System

Visitation schedules can create disruptions.
Stepsiblings may not get along.
Children may not want stepfamilies to “work out,” hoping original parents will reunite.
Dripolator and percolator effects come into play.
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The Stepfamily System

Stepfamily Roles
There is no cultural script to show members of stepfamilies how to play their roles.
Role ambiguity is a significant issue in stepfamilies.
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The Stepfamily System

Relatively low role ambiguity has been associated with higher remarital satisfaction, especially for wives, and with greater parenting satisfaction, especially for stepfathers.
The roles of stepchild and stepparent are not well defined, clearly understood, or fully agreed upon by stepfamily members.
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The Stepfamily System

The Stepfather Role

Stepfathers who adopt their stepchildren tend to be more involved with them than those who don’t.
Close ties to stepfathers are more likely to develop when the adolescent has close ties to the mother before the stepfather entered the family.
Discipline is likely to be a tricky area.
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The Stepfamily System

The Stepmother Role

Stepmother trap

On the one hand, society seems to expect almost mythical loving relationships between stepmothers and children.
On the other hand, they are stigmatized and seen as cruel, vain, selfish, competitive, and even abusive.
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Stepfamily Relationships

Between stepparents and stepchildren
Between biological parents and children
Between full, step-, and half-siblings
Stepparents’ decisions about having children
Relationships with grandparents
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Financial Arrangements in Stepfamilies

Money problems arise from two sources: financial obligations from first marriages and stepparent role ambiguity.
Common-pot system or two-pot system are adopted by most stepfamilies.
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Legal Issues in Stepfamilies

Because family law assumes that all marriages are first marriages, few legal provisions exist for remarried family challenges.
Laws have not kept pace with the “fragmentation of fatherhood.”
Most states consider stepparents and stepchildren “legal strangers.”
Some legal issues can be averted if a stepparent legally adopts a stepchild, but this is often impossible.
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Well-Being in Stepfamilies

Members of nontraditional families (not living in a married, two-parent household) generally do not fare as well on a range of economic and social and emotional variables.
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Well-Being in Stepfamilies

The Well-Being of Parents and Stepparents
Parents have lower levels of happiness and life satisfaction and higher levels of psychological distress than nonparents.
Outcomes are worse for stepmothers than stepfathers.
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Well-Being in Stepfamilies

The Well-Being of Children
The majority of children in remarried households show few, if any, negative outcomes.
Not all children living in stepfamilies are stepchildren.
Stepparents make fewer investments in their children’s health than biological parents.
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Creating Supportive Stepfamilies

Creating a supportive stepfamily is not automatic.
The Stepfamily Cycle does not unfold in a neat and precise way, and it can take anywhere from 4 to 12 years to complete.
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7 Stage Model of Stepfamily Development

Fantasy—adults expect a quick adjustment while children expect that the stepparent will disappear and their parents will be reunited.

Immersion—tension-producing conflict emerges between the stepfamily’s two biological “subunits.”

Awareness—family members realize that their early fantasies are not becoming reality.

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7 Stage Model of Stepfamily Development

Mobilization—family members initiate efforts toward change.

Action—remarried adults decide to form a solid alliance, family boundaries are better clarified, and there is more positive stepparent–stepchild interaction.

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7 Stage Model of Stepfamily Development

Contact—the stepparent becomes a significant adult family figure, and the couple assumes more control.

Resolution—the stepfamily achieves integration and appreciates its unique identity as a stepfamily.

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3 Page Sociology Paper On Cohabitation, Divorce And Remarriage

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3 Page Sociology Paper On Cohabitation, Divorce And Remarriage

  1. Students must compare and contrast cohabitation, divorce, and remarriage from a Christian and sociological world view.
  2. How is the Christian world view similar to and different from the sociological view?

Students will write a 2-3 page (not including title and references) APA style paper that integrates faith and learning with the sociological perspective (Note: Sociology is the study of society. Do not make the mistake of conflating society to sociology). Students must utilize their textbook as well as biblical scripture in their analysis.

Note: In text citations should look like this: (Verse Edition of the bible you are using).

Ex: “Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; old things have passed away; behold, all things have become new” (2 Cor. 5:17 King James Version). This citation should fall at the very end of the sentence in which the scripture is used.

Reference list entries are not required for ancient Greek and Roman works or classical religious works, but are expected for scholarly works (e.g. your textbook).

Please reference the attached material below for the paper as they are straight from the textbook

attachment
Lamanna_13e_PPT_Ch15.ppt
attachment
Lamanna_1

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compare and contrast cohabitation, divorce, and remarriage from a Christian and sociological world view.

/in /by

compare and contrast cohabitation, divorce, and remarriage from a Christian and sociological world view.

  1. Students must compare and contrast cohabitation, divorce, and remarriage from a Christian and sociological world view.
  2. How is the Christian world view similar to and different from the sociological view?

Students will write a 2-3 page (not including title and references) APA style paper that integrates faith and learning with the sociological perspective (Note: Sociology is the study of society. Do not make the mistake of conflating society to sociology). Students must utilize their textbook as well as biblical scripture in their analysis.

Note: In text citations should look like this: (Verse Edition of the bible you are using).

Ex: “Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; old things have passed away; behold, all things have become new” (2 Cor. 5:17 King James Version). This citation should fall at the very end of the sentence in which the scripture is used.

Reference list entries are not required for ancient Greek and Roman works or classical religious works, but are expected for scholarly works (e.g. your textbook).

Please reference the attached material below for the paper as they are straight from the textbook

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What Performance Improvement (PI) projects are currently in place in your organization (past or present) to improve patient satisfaction and/or quality care?

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What Performance Improvement (PI) projects are currently in place in your organization (past or present) to improve patient satisfaction and/or quality care?

Why is this important?

What is the role of your nursing leaders?

Are bedside nurses involved in these initiatives and what role do they play as a part of this project?

And, is shared governance a part of these projects?

*Must include at least one peer reviewed nursing journal article from 2014-2019. Must be in APA

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