Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8 (2017) 279e282

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Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8 (2017) 279e282

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Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine

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Discussion Kernel

Ayurveda formulations: A roadmap to address the safety concerns

Kishor Patwardhan a, *, Jigyasa Pathak b, Rabinarayan Acharya b

a Department of Kriya Sharir, Faculty of Ayurveda, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India b Department of Dravyaguna, IPGT & RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history: Received 12 April 2017 Received in revised form 18 July 2017 Accepted 29 August 2017 Available online 7 November 2017

• Corresponding author. E-mail address: patwardhan.kishor@gmail.com Peer review under responsibility of Transdisciplin

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.010 0975-9476/© 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Banga BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licens

a b s t r a c t

It is a matter of serious concern that the number of case reports pointing at a possible association be- tween the clinical toxicity and the use of Ayurveda formulations is increasing significantly over the years in scientific medical literature. Though most of these cases are connected with the presence of heavy metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic in these formulations, there are also reports suggesting toxicity due to the presence of toxic chemicals of herbal origin. In the year 2008, the Government of India took an initiative of establishing the National Pharmacovigilance Programme for Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs in a structured way. However, due to lack of sustained support, this program has now become defunct. This issue is of vital importance and needs to be addressed effectively on a priority basis. In this communication, we propose the following crucial policy interventions to be introduced at different levels: a. Amendments to Drug and Cosmetic Act, b. Issuing consumer guidelines, c. Issuing prescription guidelines, d. Issuing clinical monitoring guidelines, e. Implementation of good manufacturing guide- lines, f. Promoting documentation of clinical safety, g. Identifying the sources of contamination, and, h. Provision for stringent punishment. If these policy interventions are taken up and implemented, a sig- nificant positive change in the scenario can be expected in the near future. © 2017 Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore and World Ayurveda Foundation. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/

licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

This communication is in response to a recent news report published in the Times of India, titled “Poison in Ayurvedic drugs” where a case of lead toxicity associated with an anti-diabetic Ay- urveda formulation was recounted [1]. A few days later, another similar report citing the presence of high levels of lead in several samples of Ayurveda formulations appeared [2]. It is a matter of concern that as Ayurveda interventions are gaining popularity and global acceptability, the number of such case reports pointing at an association between the toxicity and use of Ayurveda formulations is also growing significantly over the years. For instance, a PubMed search on the topic gives more than 50 such results as of now; however, the number of individual cases recorded are much more than this number [3]. While most of these reports deal with drug toxicity due to the constituent heavy metals (such as lead and arsenic), a few of them also deal with toxicity due to herbal in- gredients (aconite, for instance).

Ayurveda academicians, clinicians and even regulators have al- ways positioned themselves in a mode of denial whenever such a

ary University, Bangalore.

lore and World Ayurveda Foundat es/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

report surfaces: they usually argue that either the ‘manufacturing process’must have been faulty, or the patient must have consumed the drug in a ‘higher-than the recommended’ dose. They oftenpoint at the inefficient ‘monitoring mechanism’ that allows the sub- standard medicines to be marketed. Another argument these stakeholders put forth is the alternative possibility of environ- mental and other contaminated food items being the sources of poisoning. In a nutshell, the core argument they put forth is that Ayurvedic drugs, when prepared and processed according to the recommendations of the classical textbooks of Ayurveda (especially the textbooks of Rasashastra) and prescribed according to the principles of Ayurveda, cannot be toxic [4e7]. Although most of these arguments may be true in many of the cases, what is often ignored is the fact that ‘theoretically safe’ formulations too can produce adverse drug reactions due to various known and un- known reasons. Therefore, the responsibility of creating this awareness among the consumers and practitioners lies on the shoulders of these stakeholders. In fact it is high time that academia, clinicians and policy-makers should confront this prob- lem head-on, instead of refuting the possibility of such events.

It may be noted that, in the year 2008, the Government of India took an initiative in establishing the National Pharmacovigilance

ion. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC

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Programme for Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs in a structured way. Eight regional centres, 30 peripheral centres and 55 centres in various Ayurveda colleges along with a National Resource Centre at Jamnagar were established in between 2008 and 2011. Many awareness programmes were conducted by the centre itself and also in collaboration with WHO country office, New Delhi where more than 2000 teachers and medical officers were oriented to- wards the concept of pharmacovigilance. The centre received more than 300 suspected reports of adverse drug reactions and out of them 200 were scrutinized and analyzed by the National Pharma- covigilance Technical Advisory Committee. However, due to lack of continued support, this initiative has not been able to further its activities [8e12].

In the following paragraphswe suggest a few concrete steps that the Government of India (Ministry of AYUSH) must consider taking while regulating the affairs related to the drug production, mar- keting, prescription, and monitoring.

1. Amendments to Drug and Cosmetic Act

A list of potentially toxic ingredients (heavy metals and others) has already been prepared and has been classified under Schedule- E1 of the drugs and cosmetic rules as a special category [13]. However, it includes only 21 drugs from Ayurveda and has not seen any amendment since 2010. In 2010 too, certain entries such as red oxide of lead have been removed from the list, which had 25 entries prior to this. Relevant amendments are required to be introduced in the Drugs and Cosmetic Act with the addition of potentially toxic drugs in schedule E1. This can be done with the help of an expert committee which may be asked to go through the available recent literature and to suggest the list of such ingredients to be appended to the list.

Moreover, a separate record for the appropriate procedure of Shodhana (detoxification/processing techniques) of poisonous drugs in recommended media is also required to be maintained [14]. The description of Shodhana in Ayurveda is not only as a process for purification, but also as a process to enhance the po- tency and efficacy of the drugs. Certain medicinal plants not cate- gorized under poisonous drugs, such as Vacha [Acorus calamus Linn.], Haridra [Curcuma longa (Linn)], Hingu [Ferula foetida Bioss.], Kampillaka [Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell-Arg.], Guggulu [Commiphora mukul (Hook. Ex Stocks) Engl.], and others too have been recommended to pass through specific Shodhana process before administration. A complete understanding about Visha, its classifications, Shodhana methods, media used for detoxification procedures and research literature on the impact of Shodhana are the tools to make poisonous plants medically useful. There are many studies that show the utility of different Shodhana proced- ures in either reducing the concentration of toxic ingredients or in converting the toxic ingredient into a non-toxic one. In another recent experimental study, it has been shown that as Nagabhasma enters into different sequential stages of recommended pharma- ceutical processing, its potential neurotoxicity goes on reducing [15e18].

1. Consumer guidelines

In 2016, a public notice was issued by the Department of AYUSH (now the Ministry of AYUSH). This notice advised the public to purchase and consume Ayurveda, Unani& Siddha drugs only on the prescription of the institutionally qualified and registered practi- tioner of the respective system. The notice also warned the public to avoid purchasing these drugs online, over the counter (OTC) and to avoid their use without medical consultation [19]. Apart from

this, not much has happened since then in creating consumer awareness in the country. There is a need for publishing detailed ‘Consumer guidelines’ and propagating them over newspapers, websites and other mass media to educate patients regarding the issue of probable adverse drug reactions associated with Ayurveda formulations. In 2011, a report was submitted to WHO (India) that contains the draft consumer guidelines [20]. These guidelines may be refined suitably and published as the first step in this direction. Further, information brochures and other similar documents are required to be made available to all consumers which must contain the classification of potentially toxic Ayurvedic drugs, according to their degree of possible adverse effects.

1. Prescription guidelines

There is need for developing and disseminating some ‘pre- scription guidelines’ or ‘Good Prescription Practices’ among all Ayurveda practitioners. This is essential keeping in view the poor standards of Ayurveda education in general [21]. These guidelines are required to be circulated among all the practicing physicians of Ayurveda stream andmust include the details such as: a) maximum duration for which a specific formulation can be prescribed continuously, b) information as to whether it is safe to use a formulation in specific groups of patients such as pediatric age, pregnant women, lactating women, geriatric population etc., c) specific clinical findings and investigations that reflect toxicity, if any, d) management procedure of acute/chronic toxicity of the specific formulations, antidotes, their mode of administration, dosage etc., and, e) procedure of reporting these toxicity cases to the pharmacovigilance cell. Further, it is to be made mandatory for any prescription to include the details such as posology, daily dosage, time of intake, adjuvant, and duration of medication. It may be further noted that all Ayurveda hospitals willing to be accredited by NABH are already required to ensure the implementation of certain standards. These standards require that there has to be a policy to report and analyze the near-misses, medication errors and adverse drug events. However, a specific requirement for an inde- pendent pharmacovigilance cell at every AYUSH college and hos- pital must be included in these requirements.

1. Clinical monitoring guidelines

Along with prescription guidelines, mandatory ‘monitoring guidelines’ are required to be issued to the clinicians ensuring that repeated hematological, renal, hepatic and other relevant clinical investigations are carried out whenever a preparation with toxic ingredient(s) is prescribed for more than a reasonable period. This will help in generating safety data of these formulations. Such data on safety profile, that is likely to accumulate over the years, espe- cially in the settings such as Ayurveda hospitals associated with Ayurveda colleges, must be published from time to time. Any foodedrug interaction, drugedrug interaction, herbedrug inter- action, if noticed, is required to be recorded and published. Ensuring that a working pharmacovigilance cell exists in every Ayurveda college and hospital will help in generating the data required for future updating and revising these guidelines. One of the available reports that deals with the adverse events observed in one teaching hospital gives an idea about the importance of such an activity [22]. There could be a few drugs that have a narrow ther- apeutic range where, the difference between toxic and therapeutic doses could be very small. Such drugs need their dosage to be adjusted according to measurements of the actual blood levels achieved, lithium being one such example. This monitoring is often possible through therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) protocols.

K. Patwardhan et al. / Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 8 (2017) 279e282 281

There is a need for developing such protocols for potentially toxic but clinically effective drugs of Ayurveda [23].

1. Manufacturing guidelines for pharmaceutical industry

There are already sufficient rules to ensure good manufacturing practices for formulations containing potentially toxic ingredients, however, their implementation is a major problem. Since it is the State Governments that are expected to implement these stan- dards, there needs to be a rigorous action plan in this direction. A study has reported that labeling guidelines are poorly followed in India [24]. Labeling guidelines are required to be strictly imple- mented making it mandatory to supply sufficient information regarding ingredients and to keep information leaflets as inserts inside the packages. Packaging of multiple doses of potentially toxic formulations in powder and other forms that are difficult to mea- sure must be completely prohibited. Regulation of irrational com- binations and dosage of proprietary products having Rasaushadhi is another area of concern that needs to be strictly regulated. Adver- tising the Ayurveda medicines has recently emerged as another problem area, which needs to be regulated [25]. Last, but not the least, it must be ensured that the formulations with potential adverse effects must not be made available over the counter.

1. Documentation of clinical safety

This should be done at various levels. The National Pharmaco- vigilance Programme for Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani drugs, which is in dormant state since last few years, needs to be made func- tional. The pharmacovigilance centres and cells are required to become proactive in reporting adverse events and publishing data in appropriate form. Reputed academic and research organizations such as Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, All India Institute of Ayurveda, Institute of Postgraduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Banaras Hindu University, National Institute of Ayurveda, etc. should undertake toxicity studies with an aim to develop technology for early detection of adverse effects and measures to overcome them through suitable modifications in the manufacturing process. AYUSH pharmaceutical industry should also be encouraged to participate in such studies. Even the accreditation standards for AYUSH colleges are required to include compulsory setting of pharmacovigilance cells with regular and timely reporting of adverse drug reactions. Long-term research plan, at least for 10 years, based on good documentation of the adverse events in the Ayurveda hospitals attached to Ayurveda colleges needs to be implemented. Steps are also required to be taken to emphasize on documentation of pharmacovigilance con- cerns, if any, during concomitant use of Ayurveda and modern drugs in various programmes such as National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke (NPCDCS).

1. Research to identify the sources of contamination

CCRAS and even other academic institutions of repute are required to plan detailed research on what exactly are the sources of toxicity, starting from the collection of herbs and other raw materials to their processing. One major concern that remains to be addressed is that, at present, no passport data for raw materials is available and the value chain is mostly non-transparent. It is to be ensured that the production system is completely transparent and such a step will help the policy makers in understanding and addressing the specific problem areas.

1. Provision for stringent punishment

Finally, there must be provisions for stringent punishment for violating the norms of manufacturing, prescribing and monitoring.

1. Envisioned impact of these steps over the next ten years:

a. Improved consumer awareness: The common notion that ‘All Ayurvedic drugs are safe and non-toxic’ is expected to stand corrected among the consumers. Consumers would weigh the benefits and risks before irrationally starting with Ayurveda interventions, and will consult qualified physicians before starting any therapy on their own. b. Accountability of pharmaceutical manufacturers: Manufacturing practices are likely to improve with respect to the quality of the products. It is expected that complete and correct informationwill be available to the consumers regarding the products they use. c. Rational prescription and monitoring practices: Rational prescription of Ayurveda formulations among the physicians is expected to become a norm. They are expected to rightly pre- scribe, monitor and notify adverse reactions in a timely manner. At least a few drug monitoring protocols may become available wherever the therapeutic range is very narrow. d. Data on safety information: Academic and research in- stitutions are expected to gather required data to identify the nature of adverse drug reactions. An inventory of possible foodedrug, drugedrug and herbedrug interactions is expected to become available. This will help in framing the right kind of policies for future. e. Availability of newer and easier ways of early detection of toxicity: At least a few methods of early detection of toxicity, and possibly, ways of management of drug-associated clinical toxicity will be available.

1. Conclusion

Every object on this planet warrants a judicious use, and, as stakeholders we can never take our duties for granted. In Caraka Samhita it is documented as to how rational use can make a drug a drug, and irrational one a poison. So, it is high time we develop this insight in the context of toxicity issues associated with Ayurveda formulations.

Sources of funding

None.

Conflict of interest

None.

Acknowledgement

The authors thank Dr. Sriranjini Jaideep and Dr. Unnikrishnan Payyappalli for sharing their opinions and comments on the pre- liminary versions of this manuscript.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184256,26089625,25305259,25086205,24559541,23799386,23121117,22914225,22795818,22835464,22476953,22185092,21495890,21401464,21170213,20950594,20856101,20304577,19805920,19805916,19575271,19384331,18690981,18386765,17879506,17118713,16840895,16680175,16402516,16398090,16138175,16059407,15598918,15309279,15241300,15083415,14735421,14614655,12426929,11936709,11879681,11229174,10894609,10450247,8985525,8699556,7784295,1454025,1880110,1805616,2791074,2634019,3669114,4063934,468068,27833648,25843124
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184256,26089625,25305259,25086205,24559541,23799386,23121117,22914225,22795818,22835464,22476953,22185092,21495890,21401464,21170213,20950594,20856101,20304577,19805920,19805916,19575271,19384331,18690981,18386765,17879506,17118713,16840895,16680175,16402516,16398090,16138175,16059407,15598918,15309279,15241300,15083415,14735421,14614655,12426929,11936709,11879681,11229174,10894609,10450247,8985525,8699556,7784295,1454025,1880110,1805616,2791074,2634019,3669114,4063934,468068,27833648,25843124
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184256,26089625,25305259,25086205,24559541,23799386,23121117,22914225,22795818,22835464,22476953,22185092,21495890,21401464,21170213,20950594,20856101,20304577,19805920,19805916,19575271,19384331,18690981,18386765,17879506,17118713,16840895,16680175,16402516,16398090,16138175,16059407,15598918,15309279,15241300,15083415,14735421,14614655,12426929,11936709,11879681,11229174,10894609,10450247,8985525,8699556,7784295,1454025,1880110,1805616,2791074,2634019,3669114,4063934,468068,27833648,25843124
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184256,26089625,25305259,25086205,24559541,23799386,23121117,22914225,22795818,22835464,22476953,22185092,21495890,21401464,21170213,20950594,20856101,20304577,19805920,19805916,19575271,19384331,18690981,18386765,17879506,17118713,16840895,16680175,16402516,16398090,16138175,16059407,15598918,15309279,15241300,15083415,14735421,14614655,12426929,11936709,11879681,11229174,10894609,10450247,8985525,8699556,7784295,1454025,1880110,1805616,2791074,2634019,3669114,4063934,468068,27833648,25843124
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184256,26089625,25305259,25086205,24559541,23799386,23121117,22914225,22795818,22835464,22476953,22185092,21495890,21401464,21170213,20950594,20856101,20304577,19805920,19805916,19575271,19384331,18690981,18386765,17879506,17118713,16840895,16680175,16402516,16398090,16138175,16059407,15598918,15309279,15241300,15083415,14735421,14614655,12426929,11936709,11879681,11229174,10894609,10450247,8985525,8699556,7784295,1454025,1880110,1805616,2791074,2634019,3669114,4063934,468068,27833648,25843124
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184256,26089625,25305259,25086205,24559541,23799386,23121117,22914225,22795818,22835464,22476953,22185092,21495890,21401464,21170213,20950594,20856101,20304577,19805920,19805916,19575271,19384331,18690981,18386765,17879506,17118713,16840895,16680175,16402516,16398090,16138175,16059407,15598918,15309279,15241300,15083415,14735421,14614655,12426929,11936709,11879681,11229174,10894609,10450247,8985525,8699556,7784295,1454025,1880110,1805616,2791074,2634019,3669114,4063934,468068,27833648,25843124
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26184256,26089625,25305259,25086205,24559541,23799386,23121117,22914225,22795818,22835464,22476953,22185092,21495890,21401464,21170213,20950594,20856101,20304577,19805920,19805916,19575271,19384331,18690981,18386765,17879506,17118713,16840895,16680175,16402516,16398090,16138175,16059407,15598918,15309279,15241300,15083415,14735421,14614655,12426929,11936709,11879681,11229174,10894609,10450247,8985525,8699556,7784295,1454025,1880110,1805616,2791074,2634019,3669114,4063934,468068,27833648,25843124
http://ayurveda-foryou.com/heavy_metals/heavy_metals1.html
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http://www.ayushsuraksha.com/NATIONAL%20PHARMACOVIGILANCE%20PROTOCOL%20FOR%20ASU%20DRUGS.pdf
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Ayurveda formulations: A roadmap to address the safety concerns

1. Amendments to Drug and Cosmetic Act
2. Consumer guidelines
3. Prescription guidelines
4. Clinical monitoring guidelines
5. Manufacturing guidelines for pharmaceutical industry
6. Documentation of clinical safety
7. Research to identify the sources of contamination
8. Provision for stringent punishment
9. Envisioned impact of these steps over the next ten years:
10. Conclusion
    Sources of funding
    Conflict of interest
    Acknowledgement
    References

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What techniques are specific to ayurvedic medicine?

This is a nursing paper I must write you must read and familiarize yourself with all the Ayurvedic resources, Use the Internet to further explore Ayurvedic Medicine, also I gave you LINKS AND ATTACHMENTS which are 3 articles, 2 videos and 3 web links that must use to get information from them to answer the following questions all questions must be explain in the paper.

What is ayurvedic medicine?

Give an example of how Ayurvedic Medicine can empower patients.

The education, scope of practice, and treatment claims of the practitioners.

What techniques are specific to ayurvedic medicine?

What conditions are ayurvedic medicine used for?

Describe the impact that Ayurvedic Medicine can have on the global community.

Identify Ayurvedic resources within a specific community.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER

APA STYLE (TITLE PAGE, REFERENCE PAGE, NO PLAGIARISM)

MUST HAVE AT LEAST 4 REFERENCES SOURCES

MUST BE 4-6 PAGES LONG !!!!!!!!!!!!! IMPORTANT

(Video Links)

[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe0QNGDMG18?feature=oembed&w=1200&h=675]

[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9OrLdRcg1Y?feature=oembed&w=1200&h=675]

( WEB LINKS MORE INFORMATION )

https://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/explore-healing-practices/ayurvedic-medicine

https://nccih.nih.gov/health/ayurveda/introduction.htm

https://www.verywellhealth.com/what-is-ayurveda-88174

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Applied Science

mathmatics

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Community response to teaching

Community Teaching Plan: Teaching Experience Paper

The RN to BSN program at Grand Canyon University meets the requirements for clinical competencies as defined by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), using nontraditional experiences for practicing nurses. These experiences come in the form of direct and indirect care experiences in which licensed nursing students engage in learning within the context of their hospital organization, specific care discipline, and local communities.

Note: This is an individual assignment. In 1,500-2,000 words, describe the teaching experience and discuss your observations. The written portion of this assignment should include:

Summary of teaching plan

Epidemiological rationale for topic

Evaluation of teaching experience

Community response to teaching

Areas of strengths and areas of improvement

Prepare this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Refer to the LopesWrite Technical Support articles for assistance.

RUBRIC

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