Trace the Scientific Method in a Primary Scientific Article

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Written Assignment 1: Trace the Scientific Method in a Primary Scientific Article

Addresses course outcomes 1 and 4:

  • recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems
  • weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method

Before starting this assignment you might want to revisit the Scientific Method Tutorial in the Science Learning Center under the Content area.

Please review one of the provided Science Daily articles and the corresponding peer-reviewed scholarly written article below.

  1. Identify and describe the steps of the scientific method. Which observations do you think the scientists made leading up to this research study? Given your understanding of the experimental design, formulate a specific hypothesis that is being tested in this experiment. If a hypothesis is stated, please rewrite it IN YOUR OWN WORDS. Describe the experimental design including control and treatment group(s), and dependent and independent variables. Summarize the results and the conclusion (50 points)
  2. Criticize the research described. Things to consider: Were the test subjects and treatments relevant and appropriate? Was the sample size large enough? Were the methods used appropriate? Can you think of a potential bias in a research study like this? What are the limitations of the conclusions made in this research study? Address at least two of these questions in your critique of the research study (20 points).
  3. Discuss the relevance of this type of research, both for the world in general andfor you personally (20 points). Proper grammar will count for 10 points.
  4. Write a paper with title page, introduction, paragraphs addressing the questions, conclusion and references. You must write in your own words and paraphrase information from the selected information sources, addressing each of the questions for your chosen topic. Your paper should consist of less than 10% direct quotes. Your paper should be 500 – 750 words, excluding references and title page. Use APA style for references, see https://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm

Multivitamins in pregnancy may be linked to lower autism risk in children

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171004190457.htm. An international research team set out to assess whether nutrient supplementation during pregnancy is associated with reduced risk of autism spectrum disorder, with and without intellectual disability.

 

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Identify and discuss the effectiveness of Jane Goodall’s message in her 2002 TED talk.

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Directions:

Your responses should be no more than a paragraph or two. Be sure to respond to another student’s post. Have your initial response done by the due date and your response done before the close date (two days after due date). 

Prompt:

Identify and discuss the effectiveness of Jane Goodall’s message in her 2002 TED talk. She continues her tireless campaign, and some of you may have seen her give at talk called ‘Gombe & Beyond’ a year ago, last spring (April 20, 2016). Her message has stayed remarkably consistent over the years, as she has transitioned from pioneering primatologist to a more public figure and world advocate for conservation.
In concert with the two required short New York Times articles recently published, discuss effective ways we can raise consciousness about Goodall’s conservation efforts to a public that seemingly could not care less. How can we heed her words in everyday practice and inspire our peers and our children to become more aware about the marked similarities, and unique gifts our cousins provide, and the urgency we face in terms of their survival.  How does conservation today relate to the primate fossil (or subfossil) record of the future?  Will our conservation efforts, or lack thereof, affect how future anthropologists will study the primates that we know and love today? Feel free to bring outside examples into the discussion.

 

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Effects of Alcohol Abuse

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Nicole Brown Alcoholism

Effects of Alcohol Abuse

            Alcoholism is a topic that hits close to home for me. Growing up I witnessed the negative effects alcoholism can have on not only your health, but family and social life as well. Now that I am grown and have developed my faith in God I know that as Christians, we are not supposed to drink excessively. Romans 13:13 (NIV) states, “3Let us behave decently, as in the daytime, not in carousing and drunkenness, not in sexual immorality and debauchery, not in dissension and jealousy.”

            Out of the many health related risks of drinking, I would like to talk about those which I have witnessed most often during my career in the healthcare field.  When I was working in memory care facilities, we would often get patients with alcohol induced Dementia. There is no cure for dementia, and it is a disease that slowly worsens. Alcohol supports the disease process and often makes it progress more quickly.

            Another negative effect of drinking is depression. Many people drink because they are depressed and looking for an outlet, and many people fall into the trap of alcoholism and become depressed as the need for alcohol takes over their lives. I have witnessed this firsthand, being that my mother took up drinking after my father passed away. From sunrise to sunset my mother would drink. People who abuse alcohol and have depression are also more likely to abuse other substances and mix medications with alcohol, which is not recommended and can lead to other serious health problems.

            Heavy drinking can slow down the body’s immune system, making it more susceptible to disease. When intoxicated, your body is not able to protect itself and preform functions needed to guard you from infections. People who drink are more likely to engage in risky sexual activity, which often results in contracting an infectious disease. The Bible warns of immoral acts like this. 1 Corinthians 6:18(NIV) “18Flee from sexual immorality. All other sins a person commits are outside the body, but whoever sins sexually, sins against their own body”.

            In the state of Virginia, between the years of 2006-2010 there have been 1,871 documented alcohol related deaths alone. Imagine the amount of undocumented cases. I hope to one day see a world without alcohol abuse, very unlikely scenario but wouldn’t it be wonderful? I hope as Christians we can all remember the negative effects of alcohol abuse and abstain from partaking in excessive drinking. Remember to glorify God in all that you do and treat your body as a temple.

References:

Freeman, D. (2011). 12 Health Risks of Chronic Heavy Drinking. Retrieved from https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/features/12-health-risks-of-chronic-heavy-drinking#1

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Alcohol Related Disease Impact (ARDI) application, 2013. Available at www.cdc.gov/ARDI.

Response 2

 
Brenda Barber Alcoholism

          Alcohol is a common addiction issue in our society.  It is socially acceptable and often found to be the source of entertainment in young people today.  People often do not realize the longterm effects it can have on their system.  We are warned in Proverbs 20:1 “Wine is a mocker, and whoever is led astray bit it is not wise”.  One has to wonder why we would need a warning if something is safe for our system.  (NKJV)

           The obvious issues that we see with alcoholism is the effects that it has on our relationships and safety concerns with driving ability, but there are many other issues to take into consideration with our general health.  Longterm alcohol use can change how our system functions.  Anemia can be caused by alcoholism, which is a decrease in the red blood cells that causes fatigue, shortness of breath and lightheadedness.   These same symptoms are also common in cardiovascular disease, which can also be caused by longterm alcohol use/abuse.   Alcohol causes platelets to be more likely to clump together and form blood clots that can cause heart attacks or strokes.  If our blood thickens it makes it harder to pump the blood through our system and create blood pressure issues.  High blood pressure makes the heart work harder to move the blood and just like any other muscle in our system the heart is a muscle.  If you work a muscle more you build it up just like working out builds your muscles.  When the heart wall thickens it becomes enlarged, this is known as cardiomyopathy.  Cardiomyopathy causes the heart to pump blood less efficiently and blood can backup into the lungs or the rest of the body.  All of our lives we have been told the importance of what we feed our body and brain.  When we feed our brain alcohol it can lead to dementia.  Our brains shrink slowly as we age and  studies have shown that alcohol speeds up the rate that they brain shrinks.  When I think back to the scripture in Proverbs these things make me realize that we should be warned about the issues with alcohol.  

           If you believe that Jesus is your savior, then you know that we are all sinners.  In Romans 3:23, Paul describes us,  “all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.”  (NKJV).   Paul refers to the flesh as weak.  Galatians 5:19-21, “Now the works of the flesh are evident, which are: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lewdness, 20 Idolatry, sorcery, hatred, contentions, jealousies, outburst of wrath, selfish ambitions, dissensions, heresies, 21 envy, murders, drunkennness, revelries, and the like; of which I tell you beforehand, just as I also told you in the past, that those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.” (NKJVS)  He also mentions in Ephesians 5:18, “And do not be drunk with wine, in which is dissipation; but be filled with the Spirit.  Consumption of an alcoholic beverage is not a sin, however, it can lead to sinful behaviors including alcoholism.  Alcoholism is not just the choice to drink in excessiveness, but is a chemical change in the system that makes a person dependent on alcohol.   If our goal is to be is to be like Christ  we should protect ourselves from things that challenge our abilities of self control, as mentioned in  Romans 13:13-14, “Let us walk properly, as in the day, not in revelry and drunkenness, not in lewdness and lust, not in strife and envy.  14 But put on the Lord Jesus Christ, and make no provision for the flesh, to fulfill its lusts.” (NKJV)

 

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Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform.

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It is common industry knowledge that an audit plan provides the specific guidelines auditors must follow when conducting an external audit. External public accounting firms conduct external audits to ensure outside stakeholders that the company’s financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) standards.
 

Use the Internet to select a public company that appeals to you. Imagine that you are a senior partner in a public accounting firm hired to complete an audit for the chosen public company.
 

Write a four to six (4-6) page paper in which you:

  1. Outline the critical steps inherent in planning an audit and designing an effective audit program. Based upon the type of company selected, provide specific details of the actions that the company should undertake during planning and designing the audit program.
  2. Examine at least two (2) performance ratios that you would use in order to determine which analytical tests to perform. Identify the accounts that you would test, and select at least three (3) analytical procedures that you would use in your audit.
  3. Analyze the balance sheet and income statement of the company that you have selected, and outline your method for evidence collection which should include, but not be limited to, the type of evidence to collect and the manner in which you would determine the sufficiency of the evidence.
  4. Discuss the audit risk model, and ascertain which sampling or non-sampling techniques you would use in order to establish your preliminary judgment about materiality. Justify your response.
  5. Assuming that the end result is an unqualified audit report, outline the primary responsibilities of the audit firm after it issues the report in question.
  6. Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not qualify as academic resources.

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Plan and design a generalized audit program.
  • Determine the nature and extent of evidence accumulated to conduct an audit after considering the unique circumstances of an engagement.
  • Evaluate a company’s various risk factors and the related impact to the audit process.
  • Evaluate effective internal controls that minimize audit risk and potentially reduce the risk of fraud.
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in auditing.
  • Write clearly and concisely about auditing using proper writing mechanics.
 

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The prototype should match the overall design created in the Case Study assignment and should provide evidence that the intended design will work.

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The Prototype should address the following requirements:

  • The prototype should match the overall design created in the Case Study assignment and should provide evidence that the intended design will work.
  • A basic visual interface to support navigation of the program and identify the future functionality of the application.
  • No subsystem functionality is required but stubs to connectivity points for subsystems should be identified and have the ability to perform basic functionality tests.
  • All code should be well-documented with comments.
  • The program should run without significant errors.
  • Include a documen
 

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Create a hypothesis that you will test using the campus survey data.

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We all make everyday choices which impact the amount of carbon dioxide which enters our atmosphere. Driving cars, using energy in our houses, buying local products or products which travel great distances are just some of these choices. In this project, you will determine your contributions to atmospheric carbon dioxide. We will also collect and evaluate survey data for other students on the Auraria campus. We will be discussing the Greenhouse Effect later in the semester. You may want to watch that lecture early to get some perspective for this project.

If you have any questions about this assignment, please contact your lab instructor. They can also review your assignment before you submit it!

DIRECTIONS

A. Go to this survey and complete it for yourself: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1q5bTQaDJoHgQsHFRB-cU-Tjb20rxciGusobiwQBASq8 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

B. Send this google survey to 5-10 students on the Auraria campus (they cannot be enrolled in this class). You can email it to classmates in another class via Canvas but you need to request permission from your instructors or you can just email it individually to some of your friends.

C. Create a hypothesis that you will test using the campus survey data. Think about the questions in the survey and your expectations about how students on the campus will respond and the relationships between multiple questions. The survey was given last semester also so there will be data from a previous semester as well. I recommend keeping your hypothesis pretty simple by only choosing one independent variable and a clear cutoff.

In this Discussion, you will claim your topics for this project and work on ensuring your hypothesis is appropriate. No one in the class can do the same hypothesis and topics will be awarded on a first-come-first-serve basis, so post yours early! Make sure to check the previous posts before posting yours to ensure it is not already taken. The Carbon Footprint Results assignment will not be graded if you did not have your hypothesis approved. I am having you post in the Discussion so you can learn from others so take advantage of being able to review your classmate’s work.

By Wednesday, you can receive 5pts for posting a potential hypothesis (late postings will receive a zero out of these 5 points). Your lab instructor will then respond to your post to let you know whether you need more work on it or not. If not, your instructor will approve your hypothesis and you will receive the other 5pts for this assignment. If your first attempt at a hypothesis needs work, your instructor will provide feedback. You will work back and forth with your instructor on this until you have an approved hypothesis by Sunday night. Be sure to check in often here to make sure you have time to modify your hypothesis as needed. Feel free to make an online conference or on-campus appointment with your TA if you would like to chat about your topic.

Include in your Discussion post:

One clear hypothesis that is testable using the data collected in the survey.

Identification of independent and dependent variable.

List at least two constants and two confounders for your experiment.

If there is a control in the experiment, list it.

 

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What is the substrate in the chemical reaction? And what is the product(s)?

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In lab you are exploring two enzymes, catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, and amylase that aids in starch digestion. These are two examples of the many enzymes found inside our bodies.

Enzymes are also used in many of the products we use! Check your cleaning supplies at home, do any of them list enzymes on the ingredient list? If so, does it say which type of enzyme? Any other products you use contain enzymes? What type of enzymes are used in industry? Which enzymes are found in the food we eat?   

After doing some research, choose and describe one enzyme that is used in cleaning products, other products, industrial procedures or that is found in food. Explain how this enzyme is used. What is the substrate in the chemical reaction? And what is the product(s)?

In lab you are exploring two enzymes, catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, and amylase that aids in starch digestion. These are two examples of the many enzymes found inside our bodies.

Enzymes are also used in many of the products we use! Check your cleaning supplies at home, do any of them list enzymes on the ingredient list? If so, does it say which type of enzyme? Any other products you use contain enzymes? What type of enzymes are used in industry? Which enzymes are found in the food we eat?   

After doing some research, choose and describe one enzyme that is used in cleaning products, other products, industrial procedures or that is found in food. Explain how this enzyme is used. What is the substrate in the chemical reaction? And what is the product(s)?

Remember that a chemical reaction converts one or more substrates to one or more products, and that most enzymes are substrate specific. When looking for enzymes remember that their names end with -ase!

You main response should be at least 150 words and include references to all information sources used.

. What is the substrate in the chemical reaction? And what is the product(s)?

Remember that a chemical reaction converts one or more substrates to one or more products, and that most enzymes are substrate specific. When looking for enzymes remember that their names end with -ase!

You main response should be at least 150 words and include references to all information sources used.

 

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Compare the mitigation strategies for the different pathogen sources.

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Prompt: Choose an example pathogen that can be transmitted by more than one source (waterborne, foodborne, vector-borne, airborne).

Outline the specific strategies for preventing and controlling the pathogen based on the source of infection.  

Compare the mitigation strategies for the different pathogen sources.

Guidelines for Submission: Submit assignment as a Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. Your paper must be 2-3-pages with at least five (5) sources cited in APA format.

 

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Conduct an internet search to find an interesting example of genetic engineering.

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In the past 25 years, we have learned a lot about DNA, and are now able to manipulate genes.  Plants are genetically modified to possess desirable traits such as resistance to disease and to grow with less water and fertilizer.  There are even certain Idaho potatoes that all grow to the same size, so McDonald’s french fries are the same length!  Human genes are inserted into bacteria to inexpensively produce drugs that treat diseases.  Soon, non-life threatening cosmetic changes will be available for those who can afford them.

Conduct an internet search to find an interesting example of genetic engineering.  Then, summarize what you discovered in about 200 words. Do not copy and paste or plagiarize in any way.

 

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