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Critical Thinking: The Art of Argument
Power Point Presentation by Chapter
Chapter One
Critical Thinking
and Arguments
1
Lecture Six
Putting Arguments into Standard Form
6
Standard Form
To better understand arguments, it is useful to put them into standard form.
It makes them clearer.
It makes them easier to read.
It makes the relations between the parts easier to see and talk about.
This process is called “standardizing” an argument.
LO3
4
Standard Form
(1) This is the first premise.
(2) This is the second premise.
[3] This is the third premise.
Therefore,
(4) This is the conclusion.
5
Standard Form
(1) This is the first premise.
(2) This is the second premise.
[3] This is the third premise.
Therefore,
(4) This is the conclusion.
We put brackets [ ] around the numbers of unstated premises or conclusions.
6
How to Standardize
Put all the statements in declarative sentences and replace all pronouns with nouns.
Insert any unstated premises and any unstated conclusions.
Place the premises before the conclusion.
Number each statement with ( ) or [ ].
Indicate the conclusion with the word “Therefore.”
7
What Standardizing Isn’t
Standardizing isn’t just rearranging the phrases you find in a text.
When you standardize, you should edit the phrases you find to make the argument clearer.
It isn’t just writing down the premises in any order.
You have to carefully note the relationships between the various sentences in the passage and find the logical order.
An Example
Don’t cry. Your toy dinosaur’s around here somewhere. You were playing with it in the kitchen less than an hour ago, and you haven’t been out of the house since then. We’ll find it.
Step 1: Look for an attempt to convince.
This person is trying to convince a young child. There’s an argument.
9
An Example
Don’t cry. Your toy dinosaur’s around here somewhere. You were playing with it in the kitchen less than an hour ago, and you haven’t been out of the house since then. We’ll find it.
Step 2: Find the conclusion.
(C) The toy dinosaur is in the house.
We write “(C)” temporarily.
10
An Example
Don’t cry. Your toy dinosaur’s around here somewhere. You were playing with it in the kitchen less than an hour ago, and you haven’t been out of the house since then. We’ll find it.
Step 3: Find the premises.
(P) The child was playing with the toy dinosaur in the kitchen less than an hour ago.
We removed the pronoun “you.”
11
An Example
Don’t cry. Your toy dinosaur’s around here somewhere. You were playing with it in the kitchen less than an hour ago, and you haven’t been out of the house since then. We’ll find it.
Step 3: Find the premises.
(P) The child hasn’t left the house in the last hour.
12
An Example
(P) The child was playing with the toy dinosaur in the kitchen less than an hour ago.
(P) The child hasn’t left the house in the last hour.
Therefore,
(C) The toy dinosaur is in the house.
13
An Example
(1) The child was playing with the toy dinosaur in the kitchen less than an hour ago.
(2) The child hasn’t left the house in the last hour.
Therefore,
(3) The toy dinosaur is in the house.
Done!
14
Next Lecture
Main Arguments & Subarguments
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Assignment task
Provide a reflection of at least 500 words (or 2 pages double spaced) of how the knowledge, skills, or theories of this course have been applied, or could be applied, in a practical manner to your current work environment. If you are not currently working, share times when you have or could observe these theories and knowledge could be applied to an employment opportunity in your field of study.
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Formal Rhetorical Analysis task 1 Rhetorical Analysis – Speeches In History
Persuasively Speaking: Analyzing Persuasive Writing through Great American – English Speeches
Purpose: To explore techniques and strategies used in written as well as delivered speeches or other types of persuasive writing and analyze the rhetoric and its effectiveness.
Process: Rhetoric and Persuasion
We have learned about Ethos, Pathos and Logos as these classic roots of persuasion utilized in early discussions, writings and advertisements to help us to break down the process of effective speech. This in turn helps writers of persuasion to analyze the deliberate act of choosing the right words and the appropriate support for their arguments and writing moving it to a more personal level. As we move forward in this course, you first analyze and then become writers of persuasion, even in this assignment.
Analysis of fallacies and illogical thinking seems to be necessary in evaluation of persuasive writing and effective speaking as it then can be recognized in your own writing. Therefore, the application of research or support to your own arguments is essential in your writing of this paper and others. Moreover, you may address if a speech or an argument is based on faulty thinking can be labeled effective or innovative.
Identifying the rhetoric in a speech and specific points of rhetoric that create calls to action also need to be noted or the lack of. The effectiveness of this rhetoric and specific examples are to be used to support your claims and will be required together with other researched supporting documents and expert opinions.
The overall message from such selected speeches is also part of your research and analysis.
Your assignment: A list of speeches will be given to you in which to select for analysis…
Select a speech to analyze
If available watch video of that speech
Rhetorical Analysis of the speech -Identify Elements of Rhetoric
Define and narrow your focus of which rhetorical elements you will be addressing in your analysis
Watch out for fallacies and if appropriate to your thesis – maker mention and add support to your main body paragraphs
Do a close reading of your speech and write several drafts as you move from brainstorming to final draft.
Paper length 4-6 pages
Include transcript of speech with final draft
Rough drafts and outlines will be required and for class peer reviews
Writing Center Revision – optional +10 with SLC proof
MLA style and at least 4 sources and citations in text and a work cited page, to include the speech you are referencing.
Possible speeches:
Martin Luther King – I Have a Dream
John F. Kennedy – Inauguration Speech
Ronald Reagan Challenger Address to Nation
Malala or President Obama – Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance and Lecture
Declaration of Independence
Winston Churchill -We shall Fight them on the Beaches
R.K. Rowling: Harvard Commencement speech
Oprah Winfrey –Golden Globe Awards Speech
Commencement Speeches –
Ronald Reagan Berlin Wall
George Bush – After 9/11
Barack Obama – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nv9NwKAjmt
https://www.c-span.org/video/?282164-2/barack- obama-victory-speech
John McCain – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aS8K90zFgUE
Hilary Clinton -Women’s Rights- 4. Hillary Clinton, ‘Women’s Rights Are Human Rights’ (1995)
President Clinton – https://www.clintonlibrary.gov
Megan McCain – Eulogy – https://www.cnn.com/videos/politics/2018/09/01/meghan-mccain-john-mccain-funeral-speech-full-vpx.cnn
King George VI Sept 1939 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opkMyKGx7TQ
Michelle Obama – Selected Speeches
George HW Bush – https://www.bushcenter.org/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMI-L2Tw4uo4AIVBFcNCh0h4w_1EAAYAiAAEgJqLfD_BwE
Maya Angelou – http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/28/showbiz/celebrity-news-gossip/maya-angelou-speeches/index.html
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