Financial Analysis Project – Direct Measure

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Financial Analysis Project – Direct Measure

FIN3010 Principles of Finance

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS PAPER

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Objective: Familiarize students with the application of ratio and trend analysis.

This project allows students the opportunity to perform critical thinking, by addressing specific financial trends and industry comparisons for a company of their choosing. This project will be a comparison/contrast paper that shows a demonstration of the application of financial analysis and critical thinking in a large organization. The student will be performing trend analysis and industry comparisons on 3-4 years worth of financial statement data (whatever tells the story).

Trend Analysis & Ratio Analysis

Ratio analysis uses percentage or decimal calculations of comparison to at least two different sets of financial data. You are comparing how one relates (compares) to another. Decision makers use ratios because they illuminate relationships between financial data taken from the company’s statements.

Although ratio analysis can be used to evaluate financial performance, the number, by itself, does not reveal the entire story. To take the analysis to the next level, one must engage in trend analysis. Trend analysis utilizes the aforementioned ratios and shows the changes in those ratios, over time. Stakeholders can use trend analysis to not only compare “this year” to “last year” for this company, but can compare each year to the industry as a whole and even to the number one competitor for benchmarking purposes.

When you are setting up your paper, it would help to group your ratios and analysis together by content area (profitability, debt management, asset utilization, liquidity, and market value ratios).

Deliverables

Choose a publicly traded, publicly held, U.S. company. This means you need to pick a company that is public and has stock that trades on the exchange. You will use a variety of sites to find your financial data. Start with either Yahoo! Finance site or www.reuters.com. These two sites will allow you to capture at least one year of data for each of the two companies you are going to review as well as the industry ratios you will need. You will need to acquire annual reports for the company sites for years older than the most current year. You will need to review three – five years of financial information on this company, more years of data will produce a more thorough analysis.

Specific areas of analysis are noting major ratio categories and identifying whether the trend is up or down, whether that is good or bad, and why. Once the data are gathered, analyzed, and trends revealed; the student will acquire the same information for a competitor within the same industry. The same ratio and trend analysis will be gathered for the competitor. A comparison will ensue, identifying specific strengths and weaknesses of various components of the financial statements. Upon completion of the original company trend analysis and the competitor’s trend analysis, an analysis and trend comparison with the industry is required. This will allow the student to demonstrate an understanding of financial ratios and what trends are present between two different companies in one industry, as well as, being able to determine the position of the industry and be able to project future trends and how the company being evaluated can budget for changes in the industry.

So . . . .what is required . . . .

  1. Your chosen company (financial ratios and trend analysis)

a. Using the data provided at the Yahoo! Finance site, use the ratios in the textbook and determine the status of your chosen company based on those ratios. Also, identify any trends you notice and what the impact might be if those trends continue. The ratios you will be reviewing are the same ratios; as you will find in your textbook. Note that some of these ratios may not be applicable to your company. Some ratios are specific to certain types of firms. Not all firms carry significant accounts receivable as an example.

  1. A competitor in the same industry (financial ratios and trend analysis)

a. Using the data provided at the site, use the ratios in the textbook and determine the status of your chosen competitor based on those ratios. Also, identify any trends you notice and what the impact might be if those trends continue.

  1. The industry as a whole; how does your chosen company compare and what evaluations can you make (predict) for future financial success?

a. Review industry data and determine where these two companies fit within that industry. Are they leaders/followers? What does the future hold for this industry?

  1. Using your chosen company and the current conditions in the financial markets, assume the firm needs to raise a large amount of cash. Compare the choices of raising these funds in the capital market (selling new shares of stock) versus the bond market (debt financing), and make a decision as to what is best and why. Also, consider ethical implications of financial reporting and how it relates to acquiring additional investors and accessing markets for additional capital.
  2. Take one of the following positions and justify your decision:

a. You are a banker who has been approached by this company to borrow a sum of money (you decide how much, and why). Based on the company’s financials and its future business prospects, would you loan the money? Why or why not.

b. You are an investor with a large sum of money (or a company looking for an investment), and buying either the company or shares of stock in the company is being considered. Determine, based on the company’s financials and its future business prospects, whether you will invest in this company or not.

There is no specific number of pages required to do this assignment, but past experience has shown it takes at least 10-12 pages of text to adequately complete this assignment. This is a critical thinking assignment so all the specifics are not laid out in front of you. You must research, assess, analyze, and strategize about the company you have chosen, the competitors, and the industry as a whole.

When using the Yahoo! Finance site or other similar financial sites, you are going to have access to a large volume of data, as well as company websites. Understand this must be cited using APA methodology. DO NOT COPY and PASTE anything from this or other sources without proper citing. Failure to properly do this will result in a violation of the Baker College Academic Honor Code, which can result in failure of assignment or failure of the course (for a first offense in the College), to dismissal from the College if a pattern is discovered.

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Analyze roles of the Drug Enforcement Administration

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Analyze roles of the Drug Enforcement Administration

NEEDS CITATION WITH APA SCHOOL REFERENES ABOVE 2013.

There is probably no greater responsibility that the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner assumes than the responsibility of prescribing medications. While someone can be harmed by psychotherapy, the level and intensity of the harm generally does not come to the same level of harm that can occur from improper prescribing. The PMHNP must understand his/her responsibility both at a state and federal level when it comes to prescribing medications.

In this Practicum Journal Assignment, you will explore the legalities associated with prescribing controlled substances, as well as what a DEA number is, how to obtain one, and, most importantly, how to prescribe controlled substances in your state.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

Analyze roles of the Drug Enforcement Administration

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities when issued a DEA number

Analyze DEA number application procedures

Analyze state requirements for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze Schedule II-V drug levels

** Assigned in Week 2 and submitted in Week 4.

To prepare for this Practicum Journal:

Review the Learning Resources.

In 2-3 pages:

Describe the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as it pertains to the PMHNP.

Explain your responsibilities when having a DEA number.

Explain how you apply for a DEA number.

Explain your state’s requirements for a safe prescribing and prescription monitoring program. Explain your responsibility as a PMHNP to follow these requirements.

Provide an example of a drug you may prescribe from each of the Schedule II-V drug levels.

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Describe the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as it pertains to the PMHNP.

/in /by

Describe the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as it pertains to the PMHNP.

NEEDS CITATION WITH APA SCHOOL REFERENES ABOVE 2013.

There is probably no greater responsibility that the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner assumes than the responsibility of prescribing medications. While someone can be harmed by psychotherapy, the level and intensity of the harm generally does not come to the same level of harm that can occur from improper prescribing. The PMHNP must understand his/her responsibility both at a state and federal level when it comes to prescribing medications.

In this Practicum Journal Assignment, you will explore the legalities associated with prescribing controlled substances, as well as what a DEA number is, how to obtain one, and, most importantly, how to prescribe controlled substances in your state.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

Analyze roles of the Drug Enforcement Administration

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities when issued a DEA number

Analyze DEA number application procedures

Analyze state requirements for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze Schedule II-V drug levels

** Assigned in Week 2 and submitted in Week 4.

To prepare for this Practicum Journal:

Review the Learning Resources.

In 2-3 pages:

Describe the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as it pertains to the PMHNP.

Explain your responsibilities when having a DEA number.

Explain how you apply for a DEA number.

Explain your state’s requirements for a safe prescribing and prescription monitoring program. Explain your responsibility as a PMHNP to follow these requirements.

Provide an example of a drug you may prescribe from each of the Schedule II-V drug levels.

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Analyze PMHNP responsibilities for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

/in /by

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

NEEDS CITATION WITH APA SCHOOL REFERENES ABOVE 2013.

There is probably no greater responsibility that the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner assumes than the responsibility of prescribing medications. While someone can be harmed by psychotherapy, the level and intensity of the harm generally does not come to the same level of harm that can occur from improper prescribing. The PMHNP must understand his/her responsibility both at a state and federal level when it comes to prescribing medications.

In this Practicum Journal Assignment, you will explore the legalities associated with prescribing controlled substances, as well as what a DEA number is, how to obtain one, and, most importantly, how to prescribe controlled substances in your state.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

Analyze roles of the Drug Enforcement Administration

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities when issued a DEA number

Analyze DEA number application procedures

Analyze state requirements for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze Schedule II-V drug levels

** Assigned in Week 2 and submitted in Week 4.

To prepare for this Practicum Journal:

Review the Learning Resources.

In 2-3 pages:

Describe the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as it pertains to the PMHNP.

Explain your responsibilities when having a DEA number.

Explain how you apply for a DEA number.

Explain your state’s requirements for a safe prescribing and prescription monitoring program. Explain your responsibility as a PMHNP to follow these requirements.

Provide an example of a drug you may prescribe from each of the Schedule II-V drug levels.

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Analyze Schedule II-V drug levels

/in /by

Analyze Schedule II-V drug levels

NEEDS CITATION WITH APA SCHOOL REFERENES ABOVE 2013.

There is probably no greater responsibility that the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner assumes than the responsibility of prescribing medications. While someone can be harmed by psychotherapy, the level and intensity of the harm generally does not come to the same level of harm that can occur from improper prescribing. The PMHNP must understand his/her responsibility both at a state and federal level when it comes to prescribing medications.

In this Practicum Journal Assignment, you will explore the legalities associated with prescribing controlled substances, as well as what a DEA number is, how to obtain one, and, most importantly, how to prescribe controlled substances in your state.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

Analyze roles of the Drug Enforcement Administration

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities when issued a DEA number

Analyze DEA number application procedures

Analyze state requirements for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze Schedule II-V drug levels

** Assigned in Week 2 and submitted in Week 4.

To prepare for this Practicum Journal:

Review the Learning Resources.

In 2-3 pages:

Describe the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as it pertains to the PMHNP.

Explain your responsibilities when having a DEA number.

Explain how you apply for a DEA number.

Explain your state’s requirements for a safe prescribing and prescription monitoring program. Explain your responsibility as a PMHNP to follow these requirements.

Provide an example of a drug you may prescribe from each of the Schedule II-V drug levels.

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Assignment 2: Week 2 Practicum Journal: Safe Prescribing

/in /by

Assignment 2: Week 2 Practicum Journal: Safe Prescribing

NEEDS CITATION WITH APA SCHOOL REFERENES ABOVE 2013.

There is probably no greater responsibility that the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner assumes than the responsibility of prescribing medications. While someone can be harmed by psychotherapy, the level and intensity of the harm generally does not come to the same level of harm that can occur from improper prescribing. The PMHNP must understand his/her responsibility both at a state and federal level when it comes to prescribing medications.

In this Practicum Journal Assignment, you will explore the legalities associated with prescribing controlled substances, as well as what a DEA number is, how to obtain one, and, most importantly, how to prescribe controlled substances in your state.

Learning Objectives

Students will:

Analyze roles of the Drug Enforcement Administration

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities when issued a DEA number

Analyze DEA number application procedures

Analyze state requirements for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze PMHNP responsibilities for safe prescribing and prescription monitoring

Analyze Schedule II-V drug levels

** Assigned in Week 2 and submitted in Week 4.

To prepare for this Practicum Journal:

Review the Learning Resources.

In 2-3 pages:

Describe the role of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) as it pertains to the PMHNP.

Explain your responsibilities when having a DEA number.

Explain how you apply for a DEA number.

Explain your state’s requirements for a safe prescribing and prescription monitoring program. Explain your responsibility as a PMHNP to follow these requirements.

Provide an example of a drug you may prescribe from each of the Schedule II-V drug levels.

The post Assignment 2: Week 2 Practicum Journal: Safe Prescribing appeared first on graduatepaperhelp.

 

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Psychology homework help

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Psychology homework help

5/27/2019 Pearson eText

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5/27/2019 Pearson eText

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5/27/2019 Pearson eText

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Printed by Zubaidah Alamer(zxa1542@g.rit.edu) on 5/27/2019 authorized to use until 8/31/2019.Use beyond the authorized user or valid subscription date represents copyright violation.

5/27/2019 Pearson eText

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5/27/2019 Pearson eText

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Printed by Zubaidah Alamer(zxa1542@g.rit.edu) on 5/27/2019 authorized to use until 8/31/2019.Use beyond the authorized user or valid subscription date represents copyright violation.

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Lifespan ch 6-1.pdf
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Cognitive development is construction and growth in the thought process in children or even adults in terms of processing of information

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Cognitive development is construction and growth in the thought process in children or even adults in terms of processing of information

The assignment is to choose only two of my classmate’s post and reply to their post. One paragraph is enough for each of my classmates. Because it is like a discussion post try to be informal and use words like ( I agree/disagree, I like your points on…, I found your post really interesting, you have a good point…, when I read your post I…, I believe that ….) something like that (using the “I” word)

The question was:

This week we covered numerous theories of cognitive development, each approaching the topic from a different angle. Discuss how the various theories add to the collective knowledge about how we think and how thinking develops over the lifespan. Which of the theories did you find most useful to you in your own understanding of cognitive development?

Your answer was:

Cognitive development is construction and growth in the thought process in children or even adults in terms of processing of information, perceptual skills, learning among other factors common in man (Chen, 2014). Various scholars, psychologist and philosophers have come up with different theories on cognition development. Each approaches it differently and all are equally important. They try explaining how we think and how thinking develops as we age. They can also help identify cognitive impairments as they teach adults on what to expect from young ones in the early stages. Such impairments include autism. Cognitive theories are essential to be studied in relevant fields. The different theories include Labouvie-vief’s, Perry’s, Piaget’s and Schaie’s theories of cognitive development.

The theory I found most useful in creating a better understanding for cognitive development personally was the Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. The theory enumerates that children do not learn from what they are told or perception but rather from motor actions. The theory was developed by a Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. The theory has a great impact on my cognitive understanding as it deals mostly with children. It shows the different stages at which children learn and how they learn through different mistakes. It is divided into four stages; a sensorimotor stage which has various substages, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage (Chen, 2014). Piaget’s theory focus on children is important as we humans learn a lot of the basic and necessary things at this stage of life. Piaget’s theory can ease the understanding of cognitive development.

Cognitive theories try explaining how the thought process comes about. Different theorists have different approaches to cognition development. Piaget’s theory is the most viewed and discussed among the various theories. It is usually considered different especially because of its focus on little children. It’s faced considerable criticisms which also led to the formulation of different theories. Learning the different theories has great importance especially to educators. They can also help identify impairments such as autism. The cognitive theories are important and should be studied in the necessary fields.

The classmate’s answers:

Gaby’s answer:

Each theory contributes to an overall view of development. For example, Piaget’s theory is based on stages of development, which occur when the physical body is capable of moving on to the next stage. While his sequence of development works well and makes sense in my opinion, development does not occur in such concrete building blocks. There is a gradual transition. I find Piaget’s work to be the easiest to understand but also crucial to understand because the text compares several others’ work to Piaget’s. His work cannot be ignored as he has provided great “outlines” of human development.

Piaget’s stages end with adolescence, however, several thinkers including Labouvie-Vief, Perry, and Schaie suggest that cognitive development continues through adulthood. Vygotsky strays away from Piaget by focusing on the social aspect of development rather than performance. It may be wise to view development from several different perspectives. When one considers different approaches and trains of thought, they are able to pick and choose the best of each thinker.

Jessica’s answer:

In the fifth chapter, it talks about two cognitive development theories; Piaget and Vygotsky. The one that got my attention was Paiget’s theory. Paiget’s believed that infants acquired knowledge directly from motor behavior. He assumed that all children pass through a series of 4 stages; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Piaget’s believed in schemes, which are an organized pattern or building blocks of sensorimotor functioning. On the other hand, Vygotsky theory shows a growing body of research on social interaction in promoting cognitive development. This is the idea of a child’s understanding coming from interaction with parents, peers, and other members of society. I believe both of these theories have a lot to offer and they both make sense. Paiget’s has more supporting factors that help conclude his theory. Paiget’s goes through 3 categories of ages to show the stages of cognitive development; Infancy, preschool years, and middle school through adolescence. Each of one these stages of life show substages which create the building blocks of the way we understand the world. Even though I find Piaget’s theory most useful, I believe that social interaction especially at a young age with influence development.

Zein’s answer:

I found these chapters very engaging and helpful in building an understanding of developmental cognition. Particularly centration from Piaget and Zones of proximal development described by Vygotsky. While critics have cited recent studies that support the notion that children, possible as early as 3 months, have some sense of conservation in an attempt to discredit Piaget’s ideas regarding staged development, I do believe that certain boundaries in cognition that children overcome as they age can give a similar effect to the stages of development that Piaget described. In particular, while infants have been shown to be capable of understanding conservation under specific circumstances, Piaget’s idea of centration as a default cognitive mode for children of a certain age group aptly characterizes the approach and results of children’s thinking regarding non-novel stimuli. I think as they overcome these hurdles new avenues of thought open up to them, and while these changes a gradual it is understandable why an observer such as Piaget would come to a stage based conclusion. While his conclusions may have exaggerated the observed phenomena into a stepwise function, the characteristics he was observing give solid insight into the cognitive methods employed by most age groups, even if his reasoning for such methods and the manner in which they progress was off. Vygotsky’s description of Zone’s of proximal development were particularly insightful after reading the criticisms of Piaget’s theories, his concept of scaffolding, and graded process to autonomy in tasks really filled the holes left in Piaget’s theories after critics countered with descriptions of development as a more gradually progressive function. Also the account for contribution of culture really helped incorporate the influence of nurture unto nature.

Sarah’s answer:

Cognitive development underscores the basis for children’s thinking, learning, understanding, and behavior. Piaget suggests that children move through four stages of cognitive development in their young lives: the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 y.o.), preoperational stage (2 to 7 y.o.), concrete operational stage (7 to 11 y.o.), and formal operational stage (12 y.o. and up). According to Piaget, kids are active learners, constantly taking in new information and adding them into their personal schemes about the world around them – the basics of assimilation and accommodation. Piaget emphasized independence and self-learning in dependence.

A different perspective is held by psychologist Vygotsky, who believed that most cognitive development is led by social interactions and culture. Young children benefit greatly from being helped/instructed by their parents or other adults. Challenging tasks are important, as is play with other children in order for proper cognitive development to occur.

Both of these perspectives on cognitive development are similar in that they believe that development is more important in early, formative years and that children excel by actively learning. However, Vygotsky puts much more emphasis on social and cultural implications on development, and doesn’t split development into stages. Piaget emphasises exploration and self discovery above all else. These major theories have led to a more advanced knowledge of cognitive development in the human lifespan. Children take in information like sponges – whether it’s on their own volition or with the help of other people in their lives.

I think that understanding the differences and similarities of these theories have been most useful to my understanding of cognitive development. In particular, I am very interested in the role of parents on their children during Piaget’s preoperational stage, when children are just becoming to realize their role as a person, and beginning to form complex thought. Understanding independence vs helpful guidance has been key especially in the Virtual Life simulation.

Dana’s answer:

Piaget explains cognitive development in terms of how we develop different kinds of thinking and how behavior is correlated. He considers how we begin to do symbolic thinking, understand (or don’t) other viewpoints, and how we start to use logic and solve more complex problems. Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of the cultural environment and social interactions and expectations on development. Information processing theories focus less on kinds of thinking and instead how basic thinking and memory becomes more complex and advanced as humans become better at managing the three basic parts of our memory: sensory store, short term memory and long term memory. I find the detail and examples in Piaget’s theory most helpful in understanding cognitive development. When I think of my experiences with infants, young children, teens and adults, his theories seem to be a great model for the advantages and deficiencies in thinking in each stage of development. His theories also emphasize the fact that children need stimulation in order to develop.

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Discussion Post 2

/in /by

Discussion Post 2

The assignment in the folder below.

total is 2 paragraphs

I uploaded chapter 5 and 6

The assignment is to choose only two of my classmate’s post and reply to their post. One paragraph is enough for each of my classmates. Because it is like a discussion post try to be informal and use words like ( I agree/disagree, I like your points on…, I found your post really interesting, you have a good point…, when I read your post I…, I believe that ….) something like that (using the “I” word)

The question was:

This week we covered numerous theories of cognitive development, each approaching the topic from a different angle. Discuss how the various theories add to the collective knowledge about how we think and how thinking develops over the lifespan. Which of the theories did you find most useful to you in your own understanding of cognitive development?

Your answer was:

Cognitive development is construction and growth in the thought process in children or even adults in terms of processing of information, perceptual skills, learning among other factors common in man (Chen, 2014). Various scholars, psychologist and philosophers have come up with different theories on cognition development. Each approaches it differently and all are equally important. They try explaining how we think and how thinking develops as we age. They can also help identify cognitive impairments as they teach adults on what to expect from young ones in the early stages. Such impairments include autism. Cognitive theories are essential to be studied in relevant fields. The different theories include Labouvie-vief’s, Perry’s, Piaget’s and Schaie’s theories of cognitive development.

The theory I found most useful in creating a better understanding for cognitive development personally was the Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. The theory enumerates that children do not learn from what they are told or perception but rather from motor actions. The theory was developed by a Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget. The theory has a great impact on my cognitive understanding as it deals mostly with children. It shows the different stages at which children learn and how they learn through different mistakes. It is divided into four stages; a sensorimotor stage which has various substages, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage (Chen, 2014). Piaget’s theory focus on children is important as we humans learn a lot of the basic and necessary things at this stage of life. Piaget’s theory can ease the understanding of cognitive development.

Cognitive theories try explaining how the thought process comes about. Different theorists have different approaches to cognition development. Piaget’s theory is the most viewed and discussed among the various theories. It is usually considered different especially because of its focus on little children. It’s faced considerable criticisms which also led to the formulation of different theories. Learning the different theories has great importance especially to educators. They can also help identify impairments such as autism. The cognitive theories are important and should be studied in the necessary fields.

The classmate’s answers:

Gaby’s answer:

Each theory contributes to an overall view of development. For example, Piaget’s theory is based on stages of development, which occur when the physical body is capable of moving on to the next stage. While his sequence of development works well and makes sense in my opinion, development does not occur in such concrete building blocks. There is a gradual transition. I find Piaget’s work to be the easiest to understand but also crucial to understand because the text compares several others’ work to Piaget’s. His work cannot be ignored as he has provided great “outlines” of human development.

Piaget’s stages end with adolescence, however, several thinkers including Labouvie-Vief, Perry, and Schaie suggest that cognitive development continues through adulthood. Vygotsky strays away from Piaget by focusing on the social aspect of development rather than performance. It may be wise to view development from several different perspectives. When one considers different approaches and trains of thought, they are able to pick and choose the best of each thinker.

Jessica’s answer:

In the fifth chapter, it talks about two cognitive development theories; Piaget and Vygotsky. The one that got my attention was Paiget’s theory. Paiget’s believed that infants acquired knowledge directly from motor behavior. He assumed that all children pass through a series of 4 stages; sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. Piaget’s believed in schemes, which are an organized pattern or building blocks of sensorimotor functioning. On the other hand, Vygotsky theory shows a growing body of research on social interaction in promoting cognitive development. This is the idea of a child’s understanding coming from interaction with parents, peers, and other members of society. I believe both of these theories have a lot to offer and they both make sense. Paiget’s has more supporting factors that help conclude his theory. Paiget’s goes through 3 categories of ages to show the stages of cognitive development; Infancy, preschool years, and middle school through adolescence. Each of one these stages of life show substages which create the building blocks of the way we understand the world. Even though I find Piaget’s theory most useful, I believe that social interaction especially at a young age with influence development.

Zein’s answer:

I found these chapters very engaging and helpful in building an understanding of developmental cognition. Particularly centration from Piaget and Zones of proximal development described by Vygotsky. While critics have cited recent studies that support the notion that children, possible as early as 3 months, have some sense of conservation in an attempt to discredit Piaget’s ideas regarding staged development, I do believe that certain boundaries in cognition that children overcome as they age can give a similar effect to the stages of development that Piaget described. In particular, while infants have been shown to be capable of understanding conservation under specific circumstances, Piaget’s idea of centration as a default cognitive mode for children of a certain age group aptly characterizes the approach and results of children’s thinking regarding non-novel stimuli. I think as they overcome these hurdles new avenues of thought open up to them, and while these changes a gradual it is understandable why an observer such as Piaget would come to a stage based conclusion. While his conclusions may have exaggerated the observed phenomena into a stepwise function, the characteristics he was observing give solid insight into the cognitive methods employed by most age groups, even if his reasoning for such methods and the manner in which they progress was off. Vygotsky’s description of Zone’s of proximal development were particularly insightful after reading the criticisms of Piaget’s theories, his concept of scaffolding, and graded process to autonomy in tasks really filled the holes left in Piaget’s theories after critics countered with descriptions of development as a more gradually progressive function. Also the account for contribution of culture really helped incorporate the influence of nurture unto nature.

Sarah’s answer:

Cognitive development underscores the basis for children’s thinking, learning, understanding, and behavior. Piaget suggests that children move through four stages of cognitive development in their young lives: the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 y.o.), preoperational stage (2 to 7 y.o.), concrete operational stage (7 to 11 y.o.), and formal operational stage (12 y.o. and up). According to Piaget, kids are active learners, constantly taking in new information and adding them into their personal schemes about the world around them – the basics of assimilation and accommodation. Piaget emphasized independence and self-learning in dependence.

A different perspective is held by psychologist Vygotsky, who believed that most cognitive development is led by social interactions and culture. Young children benefit greatly from being helped/instructed by their parents or other adults. Challenging tasks are important, as is play with other children in order for proper cognitive development to occur.

Both of these perspectives on cognitive development are similar in that they believe that development is more important in early, formative years and that children excel by actively learning. However, Vygotsky puts much more emphasis on social and cultural implications on development, and doesn’t split development into stages. Piaget emphasises exploration and self discovery above all else. These major theories have led to a more advanced knowledge of cognitive development in the human lifespan. Children take in information like sponges – whether it’s on their own volition or with the help of other people in their lives.

I think that understanding the differences and similarities of these theories have been most useful to my understanding of cognitive development. In particular, I am very interested in the role of parents on their children during Piaget’s preoperational stage, when children are just becoming to realize their role as a person, and beginning to form complex thought. Understanding independence vs helpful guidance has been key especially in the Virtual Life simulation.

Dana’s answer:

Piaget explains cognitive development in terms of how we develop different kinds of thinking and how behavior is correlated. He considers how we begin to do symbolic thinking, understand (or don’t) other viewpoints, and how we start to use logic and solve more complex problems. Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of the cultural environment and social interactions and expectations on development. Information processing theories focus less on kinds of thinking and instead how basic thinking and memory becomes more complex and advanced as humans become better at managing the three basic parts of our memory: sensory store, short term memory and long term memory. I find the detail and examples in Piaget’s theory most helpful in understanding cognitive development. When I think of my experiences with infants, young children, teens and adults, his theories seem to be a great model for the advantages and deficiencies in thinking in each stage of development. His theories also emphasize the fact that children need stimulation in order to develop.

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