Write a 350- to 700-word essay comparing the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. Include the following in your essay:
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Banking on Beard
Decision trees are models which allow you to both visualize and quantify a range of possible outcomes when faced with complex choices. These models incorporate the timing and estimated probability of outcomes along branches on a tree to help you identify the most promising path forward.
Review the following:
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Real Options and the Value of Information Did you know that roughly 60 percent of new restaurant businesses fail within the first three years of operation (Abrams, 2004)? Suppose you have a close friend who is employed in a high-paying position in the banking industry with tremendous potential for her professional and financial growth. However, your friend wants to leave this position and start a little restaurant. It is your job to help your friend make a sound decision. What do you do? Often, the valuations on which decisions are based require the input of information neither easily deduced nor accurately available. There are so many options and so little time. The values of these options can be clouded in uncertainty. The likelihood of each outcome—both those that are dependent and those that are independent—is shrouded in a variety of likely scenarios. Like your friend, you must assess the value of certain options, including those choices foregone. If your friend, the restaurateur, leaves her job, what is the income she has given up? What is the probability that her business will flourish for a year or two years? What is the likelihood today that she will be in business three years from today (you would immediately think 40 percent)? What if she creates a great restaurant that is widely acclaimed, but the market, well beyond her control, suddenly crashes? How might you have incorporated that information in your forecast of probabilities? As you can see, decision points combine with scenarios, including events beyond the chooser’s control, to increase the complexity of choosing. Fortunately you have a tool, scenario analysis, which works in conjunction with decision trees where multiple outcomes and the likelihood of those outcomes can be evaluated in light of an uncertain future and the need for a choice today. As much as you need to rationalize your choices and incorporate information accurately and reasonably, you must also learn to forecast reasonably, and identify those biases that undermine your choices.
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Now assume your friend, Jennifer the banker (formerly a bank teller), has asked for your advice as to whether she should quit her job and pursue her passion in order to become a restaurateur.
Assume the following facts as well as the above information:
1.
As a banker, Jennifer makes $135,000 a year with up to a 25 percent bonus. Her maximum raise per year is 10 percent (raises are skewed to capture inflation). She has $250,000 in savings. Her expenses are $5000 a month after taxes.
2.
Jennifer is eligible for a promotion in twelve months; the promotion comes with a 50 percent increase in pay and 25 percent bonus. She is competing with three other employees for the position. If Jennifer does not receive the promotion, in all probability she will be considered for promotion to the same position after another twelve months, be asked to stay in her current role for the foreseeable future, or be asked to leave the bank.
3.
Jennifer enjoys her current job but she wants to manage her own business at some point in her career. She is an avid chef, having had some experience in college and afterwards. She is also personally inclined towards more entrepreneurial ventures. Jennifer gets enormous personal value out of the pursuit of her personal and professional goals.
4.
Jennifer’s current employer focuses exclusively on small- and medium-sized business clients along with their families. If Jennifer left the bank, her former employer would be a ready and willing source of financing with a reasonable business plan in place.
5.
Opening a restaurant will require a $200,000 cash investment for capital improvements and materials. The bank normally provides new restaurants with access to a $100,000 rolling line of credit at an 8 percent cost for the first $50,000 and a 12 percent cost for the second $50,000.
6.
The restaurant will, in the case of modest success, lose $25,000 in the first twelve months; generate a 20 percent net profit in months 13–24, and 25 percent in months 25–36.
About this Assignment
The goal of this assignment is to thoroughly analyze Jennifer’s situation through use of a decision tree which you will create. Decision trees can be drawn by hand or created in any number of software tools including Microsoft Word and Excel—even Google Docs has a resource.
Through Internet research you will find there are several different decision tree tools on the market. You may want to try a free trial version application or use software that you have used in the past to create your decision tree. To get started, here are two free options you might want to investigate:
· TreeMapGViz which is a Google Gadget that allows tree map generation in Google Docs. The tree map is also available through Google’s visualization API.
· Tree Plan–Decision Trees which is an Excel add-in that enables and automates the creation of decision trees within Microsoft Excel. This is the tool chosen as an example for taking you through the steps to complete a decision tree. If you chose to use this tool, begin by downloading the free trial for this add-in from the following link: http://www.treeplan.com/
Note: You can help your fellow students locate those decision tree tools you find interesting by posting product links in the Webliography.
Assignment Details
Choose a method for creating a decision tree. Download and review the decision tree template example offered on this page which you will use, along with your chosen method for decision tree creation, to address the following:
· Map out the various scenarios that Jennifer faces—for example, bankruptcy, breakeven, modest success, home run—and produce a scenario model.
· Assign probabilities to the various nodes and use the tools to offer the best advice you can.
· State well-reasoned decisions about the market and Jennifer’s future prospects in your models.
· Work backwards from assumption five in the above list of facts and determine, in terms of sales in dollars, how large the restaurant needs to be to break even.
Complete your decision tree and save it as a PDF document. Write a 3–4-page paper in Word format describing your decision-making process, conclusions, and recommendations for Jennifer. Apply APA standards to citation of sources
Demonstrate graphically the cost of income taxation of 30% to consumers and producers for an income of $27,908?
How does the taxation change if the income was $220,874?
How does this variation affect people and corporations?
Use the graph functions of Word or Excel to assist you-You will need two graphs (one at $27,908 and one at $220,874).
Answer the question about variation in a few sentences at the bottom of your document.
Compare and contrast the elite and pluralist models of community power.
Your response should be at least 75 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.
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