his semester we have discussed all aspects of the criminal justice system. Given what you have learned, which component of the system do you think is most in need of reform (Policing, Courts, or Corrections)? Why?

True/False
1. True or False: Charles’ Law states that if the pressure remains constant, the
volume of a gas varies directly as the absolute temperature.
2. True or False: R eactions are driven to a state of greater order which is called
entropy.
3. True or False: Hess’ Law of Heat Summation states that the total energy of the
universe is constant and cannot be created or destroyed.
4. True or False: A binary compound contains two sets of polyatomic particles.
5. True or False: The Bohr model gives one description of the atom and its
makeup.
6. True or False: E quilibrium is a static phase.
7. True or False: The periodic law states that the properties of elements are based
on their atomic numbers.
8. True or False: Neutralization occurs when acids and bases react to form water
and a salt.
9. True or False: An element is a type of compound.
10. True or False: T he process of making soap from the reaction of an alkali with
a fat is called saponification.
11. True or False: Isomers have the same formula but different structures.
12. True or False: Valence electrons are found closest to the nucleus of the atom.

13. True or False: Electrolytes are substances which dissolve in water to form a NOTES
solution which will conduct electricity.
14. True or False: The refraction of light is the bending of light rays as they pass
from one material into another.
15. True or False: Categories of subatomic particles include: electrons, protons,
neutrinos, quarks.
16. True or False: The hydrolysis of salts is the reaction involving the splitting of
water into its ions by the formation of carbohydrates.
17. True or False: Compound formation always occurs with the same percent
composition of the elements.

Multiple Choice
1. Boyle’s Law is stated as the following.
A. If the temperature remains constant, the volume of a gas varies inversely
as the pressure changes.
B. If the temperature remains constant, the volume of a gas varies directly as
the pressure changes.
C. If the temperature remains constant, the mass of a gas varies directly as the
pressure changes.
D. None of the above.
2. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of
A. quarks
B. neutrons
C. neutrinos
D. electrons
3. The Ideal Gas Law is expressed as the following.
A. V/T=k
B. V/T=nR/P
C. PV=nRT
D. None of the above.
4. The following are types of bonds.
A. Ionic
B. Covalent
C. Metallic
D. All of the above
5. Water purification methods include the following.
A. Freezing
B. Aeration
C. A & B
D. None of the above
6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe
_____ for any spontaneous process.
A. increases
B. decreases
C. disappears
D. None of the above

7. A reducing agent loses its ________ electrons readily to another element. NOTES
A. valence
B. open
C. soluble
D. solvent
8. An alloy is a mixture of two or more
A. salts
B. metals
C. acids
D. bases
9. The Bronsted Theory states that acids are proton ______ and bases are proton
_____
A. generators, consumers
B. acceptors, donors
C. donors, acceptors
D. None of the above
10. Quantum numbers are the following.
A. Principal, angular momentum, magnetic, spin
B. Orbital, rectangular, lepton, neutrino
C. A & B
D. None of the above
11. Bases react with fats to form
A. soaps
B. oils
C. A & B
D. None of the above
12. Examples of physical properties include the following.
A. Solubility in water
B. Boiling point
C. Melting point
D. All of the above
13. The concept that states that if a stress is applied to a system in equilibrium,
that equilibrium is moved in the direction which counteracts the effect of the
stress.
A. Second Law of Thermodynamics
B. Le Chatalier’s Principle
C. Law of Mass Action
D. Collision Theory
 14. There are ___ general rules of solubility.
A. 5
B. 6
C. 8
D. 9
15. A precipitate is an ________ compound formed in the chemical reaction
between two or more substances in solution.
A. inmiscible
B. indicator
C. insoluble
D. ionic
16. A ________ is an instrument used to analyze light by separating it into its
component wavelengths.
A. spinthariscope
B. spectroscope
C. spectrometer
D. None of the above
17. Kinetic energy is energy of
A. motion
B. position
C. A & B
D. None of the above.

Fill-in-the-blank NOTES
1. A reaction in which energy is released is termed an _______ reaction.
2. ______ Principle states that an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that
can receive it.
3. An anion is an ion or particle which has a _______ charge.
4. The decomposition or ________ reaction occurs when the compound is broken
down into elements or other compounds.
5. The ______ properties of hydrogen include the following: colorless; odorless;
tasteless; most rapidly diffusing gas.
6. ________ is the process of adding hydrogens to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in
the presence of a suitable catalyst.
7. Sodium chloride is a strong ________ meaning that it conducts electricity when
dissolved in water.
8. _______ has space and mass.
9. Noble gases have very ____ reaction rates.
10. An __________ formula shows simplest ratio of the numbers and kinds of
atoms.
11. The number of ______ determines the atomic number.
12. Coefficients or the _____ in front of the formulas are used to balance
equations.
 13. A ______ is a substance that when added to a solution, makes changing the pH
of the solution more difficult.
14. Graham’s Law states that the rate of diffusion of a gas is ________ proportional
to the square root of its molecular mass.
15. Acid and base concentration are often expressed by means of the ___ system.
16. The fewer electrons that an atom tends to add or lose the more ________ it
tends to be in chemical reactions.