Posterior fossa tumor in a 12 year-old boy (COM-BP)

DIAGNOSIS Glioblastoma multiforme.

Brain neoplasms are the most common childhood cancer after leukemia, accounting for approximately 25% of all pediatric cancers (5). Both the histological type and location of pediatric brain tumors differ from those occurring in the adult population. Low-grade astrocytomas and medulloblastomas are the most frequently encountered in children, whereas anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are more common in adults and are extremely rare in children (6,8).

In our case the radiological differential diagnosis included medulloblastoma, ependymoma and low grade astrocytoma. The constellation of CT and MRI findings suggested medulloblastoma as the most likely diagnosis. Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) should also be included in the differential diagnosis but is usually encountered earlier in life.

Cerebellar GBMs are extremely rare, especially in children, with only occasional reports (1,3,4). From a neuropathological perspective, it is very important that the tumor fulfill the diagnostic criteria for GBM (significant pleomorphism, hypercellularity, mitoses and especially necrosis with palisading and glomeruloid type vascular hyperplasia) (2). On histological examination primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) and medulloblastomas that are common tumors in the posterior fossa in children, may also exhibit pseudopalisading necrosis. Nevertheless, PNETs and medulloblastomas are usually positive for synaptophysin by immunohistochemistry. In our case there was no expression of neuronal antigens (synaptophysin, Neu-N and neurofilaments). Furthermore, there was no convincing evidence of neuronal or neuroblastic differentiation, such as Homer Wright rosettes. AT/RT, a tumor that also shares the morphologic features of both medulloblastoma and PNET with epithelial, primitive neuroepithelial and mesenchymal differentiation, was included in the differential diagnosis. However, AT/RT tumors lack INI1 immunohistochemical expression in the nucleus and our case showed positive INI1 staining. Furthermore, anaplastic oligodendrogliomas may also exhibit pseudopalisading necrosis but they are relatively uncommon and the increased pleomorphism was also more compatible with glioblastoma.

Regarding the management of cerebellar lesions, a gross-total resection, if feasible, would be the appropriate treatment in all cases. Post-operative radiation in children older than 3 years is no longer in question; given that in few cases treated without radiation survival was less than a month. The question is whether the radiation therapy should be delivered to the tumor bed alone or the entire neuraxis. The radiation of entire neuraxis has now been established as the treatment of choice, given that the incidence of CSF dissemination in patients who did not received craniospinal irradiation was high and with elective neuraxis irradiation there was nearly an elimination of this complication (1,4,5,7). Chemotherapy may hold a role in pediatric cerebellar GBM but its usefulness has not been well studied due to the limited number of patients. However, it definitely offers a reasonable treatment available to very young children in whom the effect of brain radiation would be devastating. The same treatment options are offered for high-grade diffuse pontine gliomas, however in such cases a gross total resection is unfeasible. The prognosis of cerebellar GBMs is poorer even compared to supratentorial GBMs. In a series of 14 patients with cerebellar GBM, 11 died after a mean survival time of 9.9 months whereas the remaining patients were alive with a mean follow-up period of 24 months (7).

In conclusion, GBM should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of the lesions in the posterior fossa. A gross total resection should be always attempted, where possible, in order a better outcome to be achieved. Regarding further treatment, despite numerous advances and adjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy continues to be the most effective therapy for children with high-grade gliomas.

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Write a 700- to 1,050-word essay in which you discuss how the information and news media have affected American culture.

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Design a class named Staff that includes • A protected data member named staffID • A parameterized constructor to initialize staffID • A getter function to get the value of staffID Publicly derive a class named Professor inherited from Staff class and contains • Two additional protected data members i.e. departmentID and departmentName • A parameterized constructor to initialize its own data fields along with the inherited data field • Two getter functions that return the departmentID and departmentName, respectively Publicly derive a class named VisitingProfessor inherited from class Professor and has • A data field named no_of_courses • A data field named salary_per_course • A function named totalSalary that returns total payment for all courses (i.e. no_of_courses * salary_per_course) • A member function named display to show total salary of visiting professor In main() create objects of Professor and take input from user. Also create objects of VisitingProfessor and take input from user. Finally display the information of both objects.

Attachments:

QUIZ-Inherita….docx

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Use the frequency distribution from Exercise 20 in Section 2 2

Use the frequency distribution from Exercise 20 in Section 2-2 to construct a histogram. What can you conclude from the distribution of the digits? Specifically, do the weights appear to be reported or actually measured?

Construct the histogram and answer the given question.

Use the frequency distribution from Exercise 20 in Section 2 2

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