Probability sampling

please respond to each discussion with a reference

discussion 1

Probability sampling, also known as random sampling, is defined as “one in which every sample of a particular size has an equal probability of being selected” (Hebl and Lane, n.d.). The thought process for this is that the opportunity for systemic bias is less when sample/subjects are randomly selected. Using random sampling leaves the subject selection to “chance”, instead of having researchers consciously or unconsciously selects subjects whose conditions or behaviors are consistent with the study hypotheses. In theory, because selection is left to chance, study findings should have increase validity (Burns & Grove, 2007). The four most common probability sampling methods used in nursing research include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling (Burns & Grove, 2007).

One probable problem/limitation that could prevent a truly random sampling would include sample size adequacy. As we can recall, a random sample is a sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected (Hebl and Lane, n.d.). Random samples, especially small sample size, are not necessarily representative of the entire population (Hebl and Lane, n.d.). Sample sizes that are too small can result in studies that “lack the ability to identify significant relationships among variables or differences among groups” (Grove ,n.d.). These types of studies often lead to the risk of acquiring a type II error. According to this week’s reading in the “ Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence-Based Practice”, important factors to consider in determining sample size for qualitative studies are to include the “scope of the study, nature of the topic, quality of the data collected, and design the study”.

References:

Grove, S., Gray, J., & Burns, N. (2015). Understanding Nursing Research (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders.

Discussion 2

Random sampling is also called probability sampling, each part of the population undergoing a study has the same chances of being chosen as every other participant in the study. The point of a random sample study is to have more of a representation of the group targeted for the study, to have an equal representation of the group. Random sampling should allow for participants to have representation without prejudice one way or another. There are some problems or imitations to random sampling such as not using a large enough sample size to be representative of the targeted group. Knowing the ages, diagnoses and gender, ethnic background helps gather a sample size to include an even amount of all needed to participate, or it might not be a proper representation of the group to be surveyed. To truly get a random sample there would be a great cost in money needed to be able to obtain the needed individuals to participate and in hoping that all the participants answered all the questions honestly to the best of their ability.

Definition of Random Sampling | What is Random Sampling? Random Sampling Meaning. (n.d.). Retrieved May 7, 2018, from https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/ra…

Grove, S. K., & Cipher, D. J. (2017). Statistics for nursing research: A workbook for evidence-based practice (2nd ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Discussion 3

Random sampling is also called probability sampling. It is important because it ensures that every variable of data set has the same chance of getting chosen. Random sampling allows each member to have a fair chance; no samples are favored over others. This prevents bias and sampling errors by allowing the sample to represent itself equally. The data or people surveyed are not random people, they are from a targeted population. Grove and Cipher (2017) stated, “The purpose of sampling in quantitative research is to obtain study participants who are as representative of the target population as possible. The sample’s representativeness of the study population is increased by probability sampling.” Larger populations have the best results with probability sampling. A computer choosing random samples is the most commonly performed random sampling method. Another way random sampling is conducted by assigning numbers to each member or variable, and randomly selects samples, this method has the same concept as pulling numbers out of a hat. According to the Khan Academy (2018), “Every member and set of members has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Technology, random number generators, or some other sort of chance process is needed to get a simple random sample.” Random sampling (simple random sampling) is one of the four probability sampling methods used in nursing research. Stratified random sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling are the probability sampling methods.

A problem that can prevent a truly random sampling can be the size of the population. For example when conducting a poll in larger groups such as one thousand people or more, random samples are more effective because it takes less people to obtain accurate results or responses. Whereas in a smaller group such as one hundred people or less, random sampling might have some disadvantages because more people may be needed to obtain accurate results or responses. Custom Insight (2018) stated, “As the population size increases, the percentage of people needed to achieve a high level of accuracy decreases rapidly.” A random sampling can be costly because every person in the group must meet certain criteria in order to qualify, which increases accuracy of results. The use of random sampling can be more efficient when saved for larger groups with participants that represent the target population.

References

Custom Insight. (2018). Random Samples and Statistical Accuracy. Retrieved from https://www.custominsight.com/articles/random-samp…

Grove, S. K. & Cipher, D. (2017). Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 2nd Edition. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.

Khan Academy. (2018). Sampling Methods Review. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/math/statistics-probability/designing-studies/sampling-methods-stats/a/sampling-methods-review

Discussion 4

Random Sampling is a method for obtaining a sample. When obtaining a sample this way will allow for all of the population or possible participants have an equal chance of being selected for obtaining a sample. For example, if a business of 50 people were going to do a survey but only 10 would actually be surveyed, everyones name would be put into the drawing once.

Random sampling has some pros and advantages.. It provides a true random sample and allows everyone with an equal chance to provide their input. This can also be used to get a general idea of what the population is thinking/answering. (Advantages And Disadvantages Of Random Sampling, 2014)

Some cons and disadvantages of Random Sampling can be that there may be a change for some biases results. This can be done by providing only a few opportunities for the survey. A person taking the survey could provide an answer that is biases and unlike the majority of the population. Also, the surveys or participants could be surveyed in an area where the majority has a familiar belief. For example, if a “random sample” were to prefers either Republicans or Democrats could have a bias opinion. The sample/survey could have a large amount of surveys provided to an area that is known to have a high Democratic/Republic supporter area. This could cause a biases and problematic result. (Advantages And Disadvantages Of Random Sampling, 2014)

Some of these disadvantages could be prevented by actually making sure that the sample is random and that everyone throughout the population has an equal chance for being sampled. Some example that should not be done for random sampling would be not selecting people out of a phonebook due to the fact that not everyone is in a phonebook. You should ask for volunteers, random sample should truly be random. This could lead to bias results which will not help the result at all.

References

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Random Sampling. (2014). Retrieved on May 7, 2018 from https://occupytheory.org/advantages-and-disadvanta…

Discussion 5

The importance of random sampling is that it gives a fair chance to the entire population to participate in a study as a study subject Random sampling allows every facet of the study population to be examined without study bias and cuts down on sampling error. This help to make sure that study participants are as representative of the population as possible. This complete randomness helps with the elimination of the possibility of bias. The reason that this is important is that it helps ensure the scientific accuracy of the sample (Grove & Cipher, 2017).

The problems with random sampling would be the implementation of a truly random sample. It requires that everybody participate equally which may not happen. People with the strongest feelings towards a subject or topic may be the most likely to respond to the survey. This builds in bias because of those feelings. Another limitation of a random sample is the scope. To truly have a random sample every member of a population must be given a number and then randomly chosen. If you have a very large population such as the population of the world the time and distance involved would make such a sample prohibitive (Grove & Cipher, 2017).

There have already been solutions to these problems with different sampling techniques such as stratified random sampling and systematic sampling. They include randomness and help make the survey size more manageable (Grove & Cipher, 2017).

Reference:

Grove, S. K., & Cipher, D. J. (2017). Statistics for nursing research: A workbook for evidence-based practice. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier.

Discussion 6

The visual learner presentation gives five examples of sampling technique. The first one is cluster sampling. Cluster breaks populations into groups and then randomly chooses members from that group to be sampled. For example, it would be difficult to judge the amount of education that every person in the State of Utah has achieved. It would easier to break the state into cities and then take your sample from the city cluster to get a representative result.

Simple random is that everybody in the sample size has the same chance of being in the sample. For example, if you wanted to so a survey on nurses; every nurse would be given a number. That number would then be placed into a randomizer. A certain number of nurses would then be chosen to participate.

Stratified sampling breaks a sample population into at least two different groups or strata that share a characteristic. The survey is then given to random people in that strata. An example would be persons that had taken a CPR class and those who had not. Each is a separate group and then random samples are taken from each group.

Systematic is just choosing a sample in the same way from a population. For example, if you had 1000 people together you may choose every fourth person for a sample of 250 people.

Convivence sampling is just getting the data that is easiest to get. For example if I wanted to sample people in my hospital about an issue if I were to convivence sample I would go to the people on my floor and ask then because that is the easiest for me.

Reference

Visual Learner. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://lc.gcumedia.com/hlt362v/the-visual-learner…

 

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Why is the subject of workplace health and safety of concern to nurses?

Read Chapter 11

1. Why is the subject of workplace health and safety of concern to nurses?

How are these concepts related to patient safety and patient outcomes?

2. What action is suggested when you are faced with an angry or hostile coworker?

3. Why is substance misuse among nurses a serious concern? What is the most appropriate way to handle a suspicion that a coworker may be involved in serious substance misuse?

4. What is the most common physical injury experienced by LPNs and nursing assistants? How can a nurse manager help staff avoid physical injury at work?

5. Describe several examples of sexual harassment in the workplace. Discuss methods of dealing with these instances.

6. Review the policies and procedures on the following safety issues in your current clinical rotation. Compare with other students in the class. What are the similarities and differences? What might this mean in terms of workplace safety?

• Latex allergies

• Needlestick injuries

• Violence

3. Go to the ANA website and explore the sections on workplace and patient safety under the heading “Professional Nursing Practice.”

Which concepts discussed in these sections are particularly important to the beginning RN? Why?

4. Interview one of the staff nurses on your unit. Explore his or her feelings and concerns related to the following topics. Based on the comments, develop strategies to address the concerns.

• Substance abuse among nurses

• Emergency preparation

• Quality of work life within the organization

 

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Apply the ethical decision-making model in the article to access to care or an ethical issue of your choice.

This assignment reinforces the importance of ethical decision-making in nursing. You will apply an ethical decision making model from this week’s readings to an ethical issue.

Review “An Integrated Ethical-Decision-Making Model for Nurses” from this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings.

Apply the ethical decision-making model in the article to access to care or an ethical issue of your choice.

Note: If you have questions about your chosen topic, contact your faculty member to ensure it is appropriate.

Follow the steps provided in the model, including the following:

  • State the ethical issue and its relevance for nursing practice.
  • Collect and analyze additional information:
    • What populations does this serve?
    • Who are the key stakeholders?
    • What information is needed to overcome the problem?
    • After looking at additional information, decide whether the initial problem was correctly stated.
  • Develop alternatives and compare them:
    • What alternative programs address the issues?
  • Justify the decision:
    • Explain why this is important, needed, or beneficial for vulnerable populations.
  • Find strategies to implement the plan:
    • What ethical arguments could you use to dissuade someone who disagrees with the program?

Format your assignment as one of the following

  • 875-word paper

Cite at least 3 evidence-based, peer-reviewed sources published within the last 5 years to support your position(s).

Include an APA-formatted reference list.

 

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Write an informal presentation (500-700 words) to educate nurses about how the practice of nursing is expected to grow and change.

As the country focuses on the restructuring of the U.S. health care delivery system, nurses will continue to play an important role. It is expected that more and more nursing jobs will become available out in the community, and fewer will be available in acute care hospitals.

  1. Write an informal presentation (500-700 words) to educate nurses about how the practice of nursing is expected to grow and change. Include the concepts of continuity or continuum of care, accountable care organizations (ACO), medical homes, and nurse-managed health clinics.
  2. Share your presentation with nurse colleagues on your unit or department and ask them to offer their impressions of the anticipated changes to health care delivery and the new role of nurses in hospital settings, communities, clinics, and medical homes.
  3. In 800-1,000 words summarize the feedback shared by three nurse colleagues and discuss whether their impressions are consistent with what you have researched about health reform.
  4. A minimum of three scholarly references are required for this assignment.

While APA format is not required for the body of this assignment, solid academic writing is expected and in-text citations and references should be presented using APA documentation guidelines, which can be found in the APA Style Guide, located in the Student Success Center.

This assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.

 

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Explanation of the main purpose and scope of the cited work

In this week’s discussion question you were asked to consider a potential problem (appropriate to your role option) that you would like to investigate through nursing research. For this assignment you will review current research from South’s Online Library and provide a critical evaluation on that research through an annotated bibliography. An annotated bibliography is a brief summary and analysis of the journal article reviewed. For more information on annotated bibliographies please visit Purdue’s OWL: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/614/01/

A total of four annotated bibliographies are to be submitted (not to exceed one page each). The articles must come from nursing scholarly literature and may not be older than 5 years since publication. Please note that the articles must be research based and reflect a quantitative methodology (review our reading assignments). Web pages, magazines, textbooks, and other books are not acceptable.

Each annotation must address the following critical elements:

•Explanation of the main purpose and scope of the cited work

•Brief description of the research conducted

•Value and significance of the work (e.g., study’s findings, scope of the research project) as a contribution to the subject under consideration

•Possible shortcomings or bias in the work

•Conclusions or observations reached by the author

•Summary as to why this research lends evidence to support the potential problem identified specific to your role option.

The problem to address is the debate over why Nurse practitioners are not able to practice to their full extent and independently.

 

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Assume that two nursing units are experiencing higher rates of patient falls than the other six nursing units in a rehabilitation hospital

Use App format for all references. Minimum of 2 references for each question.

1. Assume that two nursing units are experiencing higher rates of patient falls than the other six nursing units in a rehabilitation hospital. In a minimum of 250 words, create a theoretical reason this is occurring. Provide a brief synopsis of what is occurring and the reason you have established it is occurring. In addition, using the plan-do-check-act process, describe how the issue will be addressed. Your discussion should contain a minimum of 2–3 peer-reviewed references.

2. Share the importance of the future of Health Informatics and Information Management Professionals and Health Care Administrators to be equipped with the knowledge, skills and abilities to oversee or participate in the grant writing process? Identify and explain at least two (2) examples in terms of the appropriate uses of awarded grant funding. Finally, discuss the importance of ethics and fiscal responsibility when it comes to the management and disbursement of any awarded grant funding. Your discussion should contain a minimum of 2–3 peer-reviewed references.

 

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Electronic Intensive Care Unit

PowerPoint presentation

Requirements

  • Use Microsoft PowerPoint 2007, 2010 or higher for systems’ compatibility.
  • Follow the best practices for PowerPoint construction & presentation
  • Prepare a PowerPoint presentation with speaker notes between 8-10 slides, NOT including the title and reference slides.
  • Speaker Notes (Outline and “script” the presentation)
  • Scholarly writing and APA 6th Edition guidelines should be followed as applicable to PowerPoint slides.
  • Cite sources in APA format in the applicable slides and include the APA formatted reference in your reference list slide(s) ‐ Minimum 2 references
  • Spelling, grammar, and punctuation apply even in bullet points and speaker slides (e.g., quotation marks, italics, verb tense, etc.)
  • Copyright and plagiarism rules apply

Preparing the Presentation

Topic: Electronic Intensive Care Unit ( eICU)

Impact on Healthcare & Nursing

• Impact on professional nursing practice.

• Patient safety impact (including statistical justification)

• Impact on patient care delivery, quality care measures/monitoring, and risk management (privacy, confidentiality, and security) as applicable.

  • Ethical & legal considerations.
  • Infrastructure/operational consequences (e.g., budget, costs,
  • etc.)
  • Impact on a population and/or geographic region
  • Provide examples & statically significant data to support
  • Examples.
 

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Health Promotion

Cultural competency means being aware of differences related to culture and adjusting plans of care accordingly as well as remaining sensitive and respectful of choices patients may make based on their culture. Campinha Bacote’s cultural competence model is a nursing theory that aids nurses in this process.”The nurse has for duty to elaborate an assessment for the patient that allows the nurse to examine the patient in point of view, ethnic , socioeconomic background race or culture. That allows the nurse to provide appropriate and better care to the patient without discrimination.

In nursing practice, cultural competent plays an important in the plan of care. In the service of practice, the nurse must introduce the family in the care plan; this is one of the ways to eliminate some taboo in people. Each country has particular customs. The presence of family members is very important during an examination. That will allow the nurse to help the patient to adopt a safe plan of care in relation to the patient state for health. “The nurse acknowledges and respects cultural differences and formulates a plan of care that is specific to the patient’s individualized cultural needs (de Oliveira Carvalho, Santiago da Rocha, & de Souza Rocha, 2015). “

References

Health Promotion: Health and Wellness Across the Continuum Chapter 3

Retrieved from https://www.gcumedia.com/digital-resources/grand-canyon-university/2018/health-promotion_health-and-wellness-across-the-continuum_1e.php

 

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Locate a nursing study that examines the effects of an intervention. Provide a summary of the study, focusing primarily on the intervention.

Question Description

  • Locate a nursing study that examines the effects of an intervention. Provide a summary of the study, focusing primarily on the intervention. Was the development and implementation of the intervention described in detail? Based on a theoretical framework? Did the design of the study promote investigation of the effects of the study—for example, was there comparison of experimental and control groups? Were there variables that could have impacted the findings that were not part of the intervention? Was there evidence of efforts to monitor the safety of participants? Are there any ways that the study could have been improved?
  • Locate a nursing study that utilizes some aspect of the internet (for instance, for recruitment, delivery of an intervention, or completing online assessments. What challenges did the researchers face, and how were these challenges overcome (or not)? How could future research efforts be improved?
  • Using your computer’s office tools, develop a pie, bar, or plot chart to represent the following population estimates:

Population Percentage

European American 20

African American 30

Native American 20

Hispanic American 30

The assignment should be between 1700 and 2000 words in length and contain at least two scholarly sources, in addition to the textbook and provided material. Please submit your assignment in one APA formatted document.

 

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