An empirical study of social networking user

An empirical study of social networking user

Al Katheeri

Saif Al Katheeri

Professor Gina Gemmel

English 161

June 16th, 2019

Online crime

With internet penetration successfully taking place even to the remotest parts of the world, online presence has increased since people can gain access to affordable internet-enabled gadgets in the market. Increased online presence has created an opportunity for as many good things as bad ones. I believe lack of knowledge about the dangers that users engaging in an online environment are exposed to is the most significant cause of online crime since it creates a soft and innocent target for attack. I want to debate that online crime is contributed to a great extent by a lack of knowledge and awareness about the possible dangers of an online presence. My research question is on whether lack of knowledge on hazards that lurk online on the part of individuals and reluctance to invest in modern IT infrastructure on the part of businesses are the key contributors of online crime. This topic has implications of the broader field of Information technology, and I believe this is an interesting and debatable question because of the many examples of online crime that are happening everywhere as well as the increasing online presence of different persons without knowledge of precautions they should take to ensure their safety.

Online crime has been defined to include broad topics covering any crimes or illegal activities that have been committed on the internet or through the help of the internet. In many parts of the world, people are purchasing laptops or any other gadgets that can access the internet and going ahead to create social media accounts. Others use even free public Wi-Fi to access their banks and additional sensitive information. According to Lawson, celebrity nude photo hacks have been facilitated by the innocence of the victims most of whom are not aware of the measures that they should take to secure their files. Lawson’s view coincides with that of Martellozzo and Emma on the need for ensuring that you understand the various ways of acquiring your data when using online platforms. Martellozzo and Emma further clarify several ways of becoming an informed internet user without necessarily going into an IT class. Saridakis describes the potential dangers that lurk in online social networking sites citing user online behavior and severity of attackers within the circles of the user as key determinants safety from online crime. Victimization has become a significant concern for those using the internet. However, according to Aldawood and Geoffrey, educating and raising awareness about internet safety both for businesses and individuals is a significant way of winning the war against cyber-crime.

My thesis is this paper is a claim of fact. At first it may seem that online crime can be combated through putting in place strict laws to deal with those who are convicted but upon closer inspection it is actually the general public including individual internet users and businesses that should be trained and educated on how to keep safe and stop becoming soft targets for hackers and other online attackers.

There are several counter-arguments that I expect in my thesis statement. This is because online crime is a multifaceted issue, and different people will have varied ways of looking at it. Some will argue that the government should have the central role of ensuring safe online environments while others will draw the role of companies that have online platforms like social networking sites and applications for companies that require users to provide login details into the discussion. Online crime cannot be tackled from one side, and a practical solution cannot be arrived through setting up blames. Some of the most serious online crimes which have shocked the world include; identity theft, hacking, and piracy. However, a careful look into the crimes that have taken place so far shows either lack of knowledge in the part of users or failure to invest in modern technology in the part of businesses and companies that have been targeted so far. Some will argue that online crime has a dynamic nature, and it is, therefore, impossible to appropriately prepare businesses and individuals on how to avoid becoming easy targets. I believe it is the responsibility of the companies and individuals to understand how their online presence risks their safety and take necessary actions.

Aldawood, Hussain, and Geoffrey Skinner. “Educating and raising awareness on cyber

security social engineering: A literature review.” 2018 IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE). IEEE, 2018.

This article by Aldawood and Geoffrey presents a detailed literature review into the area of creating awareness and educating users on cyber security social engineering. The authors review well researched literature which documents various cases of cyber crime which could have been evaded if the targets were armed with information on how to avoid becoming soft targets. With so many sources examined and reviewed in this paper, I believe it will be of great help in backing my arguments. The literature reviewed examines social engineering as a way of exploiting human weakness in achieving certain goals and I believe this article will be of great help in my paper. Lawson, Caitlin E. “Innocent victims, creepy boys: discursive framings of sexuality in online news coverage of the celebrity nude photo hack.” Feminist Media Studies 18.5 (2018): 825-841.

In August 2014, online users were shocked with digital dissemination of hundreds of nudes for celebrities and this led to a major debate on the role of the celebrities and hackers in this rare occurrence. This article presents an analysis of such cases clearly identifying reasons why innocent celebrities were targeted successfully. I will use this article to support my argument on why lack of knowledge and how cyber criminals infiltrate data is a key contributor to online crime.

Martellozzo, Elena, and Emma A. Jane, eds. Cybercrime and its victims. Taylor &

Francis, 2017.

This book on cybercrime and its victims presents a systematic and detailed study of how the explosion in the development of information technology has affected the use and dissemination of information with both benefits and risks. Cyber security is an issue which sits at the centre of internet use and this book explores various risks that face online users whether individuals or businesses that have set up online platforms to facilitate their activities. This book also explores social construction of violence and victimisation in online spaces with detailed involvement of scholars and experts from various disciplines which shape the issue of cyber security. I will rely on this book to advance various arguments and facts in my paper including online crime targets and measures to counter cybercrime.

Saridakis, George, et al. “Individual information security, user behaviour and cyber

victimisation: An empirical study of social networking users.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 102 (2016): 320-330.

Millions of active accounts on social networking sites are operated without any knowledge about individual information security on the part of the user. This means that there just too many soft targets for online attackers to fail to hit any. While the issue of privacy has been explored in detail over the years, little research goes on the area of information security on individual level. This paper therefore presents a careful analysis of relationship between online victimisation and users’ activity. This issue is centrally placed in the middle of users who have varied perceived levels of information security. I will use this article to advance my argument on personal information security and how education and awareness can be of crucial help and intervention.

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Edit Previous Essay SM

Edit Previous Essay SM

Please paraphrase more, check the example and edit it, I will attach the rough draft, also example attached below.

Also please write down the links to the articles for every bibliography

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Discussion: Applying Plagiarism-Prevention Strategies

Discussion: Applying Plagiarism-Prevention Strategies

Ensuring academic integrity in your work requires an understanding of Walden’s policy, the ability to recognize violations of the policy, and the ability to use source material appropriately in your academic writing. In this Discussion, you bring all of these skills together when describing your approach to ensuring academic integrity.

To prepare for this Discussion:

Review the Week 4 Resources and consider what you have learned in the course regarding strategies for ensuring academic integrity.

By Day 3

Posta 1- to 2-paragraph evaluation of your growth due to this course.

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Designed and Created Documentation of Data Security Procedures

Designed and Created Documentation of Data Security Procedures

Warren Wilson College

Missouri Western State University

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto

Delhi Mexico City São Paolo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text.

Microsoft ® and Windows ® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1991 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copy- right, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.

Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trade- marks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pfeiffer, William S. Technical communication : a practical approach / William Sanborn Pfeiffer, Kaye Adkins. — 8th ed. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-278578-5 ISBN-10: 0-13-278578-1 1. English language—Technical English—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Communication of technical information—Problems, exercises, etc. 3. English language—Rhetoric—Problems, exercises, etc. 4. Technical writing–Problems, exercises, etc. I. Adkins, Kaye E. II. Title. PE1475.P47 2013 808.06’66–dc23 2011041404

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-278578-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-278578-5

Editorial Director : Vernon R. Anthony Executive Editor : Gary Bauer Editorial Assistant : Tanika Henderson Director of Marketing : David Gesell Marketing Manager : Stacey Martinez Marketing Assistant : Les Roberts Senior Managing Editor : JoEllen Gohr Senior Project Manager : Rex Davidson Senior Operations Supervisor : Pat Tonneman Creative Director: Andrea Nix

Art Director: Diane Y. Ernsberger Cover Designer : Diane Y. Ernberger Cover Image : iStockPhoto Media Project Manager : Karen Bretz Full-Service Project Management : Peggy Kellar Composition : Aptara/Falls Church Printer/Binder : R. R. Donnelley/Willard Cover Printer : Lehigh/Phoenix Color Hagerstown Text Font : Perpetua Std, 12/14 pt

Dedication

Deepest thanks go to my family—Evelyn, Zachary, and Katie—for their love and support throughout this and every writing project I take on.

—Sandy

To those who have taught me about technical communication—Dr. Joanna Freeman, the programmers at Phoenix/SSC, TechWhirlers, my colleagues in ATTW and

CPTSC, and my former students who are now practitioners in the field. —Kaye

This page intentionally left blank

Good writing is always a breaking of the soil, clearing away prejudices, pulling up of sour weeds of crooked thinking, stripping the turf so as to get at what is fertile beneath.

—Henry Seidel Canby (1878–1961), “Cultivate Your Garden”

Most writers agree with Henry Seidel Canby that writing is hard work, but well-crafted writing makes the effort worthwhile. Clear writing, of the kind we call technical writing or technical communication, helps businesses run more smoothly, helps government run more effectively, and helps all of us accomplish our goals.

To help you become an effective technical communicator, all editions of this book have stressed one simple principle: You learn to write well by doing as much writing as possible. This eighth edition adds new features that make it even more usable, without changing what has made the book work in all editions—updated models and references, clear explanations of the writing process, advice for using technology, and a new organi- zation that emphasizes the technical communication process in the workplace context.

The eighth edition continues the use of M-Global, the fictional company that serves as the basis for many examples and assignments. M-Global provides a complex case that runs throughout the book, with examples of technical communication practices in a vari- ety of professional fields. It reflects the communication experience of people at all stages of their careers, providing students with an insight into situations they will find as they start their careers, as well as introducing them to the kinds of communication challenges they will face as they advance professionally. The M-Global case also gives students a rich context for assignments. Students are welcomed to M-Global in the first chapter, and they learn more about the organization throughout the book, just as new employees are introduced to an organization with orientation and an employee handbook and then learn more about the organization and their colleagues as time passes.

At the start of our classes, we sometimes ask students to describe their professional goals for the next 10 years. As you might expect, they hope to rise to important positions in the workplace and make genuine contributions to their professions. Such long-term thinking is crucial, keeping you on course in your life.

Yet, ultimately, the way you handle the small details of daily life most influences the contribution you make in the long run. If you do good work, believe in what you do, and communicate well with others—both interpersonally and in writing—success will come your way. The author Robert Pirsig put it this way in his 1974 classic, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: “The place to improve the world is first in one’s own heart and head and hands, and then work outward from there.”

We believe—and this book tries to show—that clear, concise, and honest writing is one of the most powerful tools of your heart, head, and hands.

Kaye Adkins, Professor of English/Technical Communication Missouri Western State University

William S. Pfeiffer, President Warren Wilson College

Preface

v

New Features of Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition

Technical communication is a rapidly changing field that helps users adapt to advances in technology. At the same time, technical communicators must recognize the changes in how users access and use information about technology. Throughout this edition, you will find revisions and new information to reflect the changing field of technical communica- tion. First of all, the chapters have been reordered and grouped to reflect how writing is created and used in today’s workplace.

■ Part 1 , Introduction to Technical Communication, defines technical commu- nication as a practice. It helps students understand how they can apply what they have learned about the writing process in an academic setting to a workplace setting. The chapter on collaboration has been moved to this section to reflect its integral role in workplace writing.

■ Part 2 , Effective Workplace Documents, introduces students to the elements of all workplace documents, including organization and document design. It also includes a chapter on the most common form of workplace writing—correspondence.

■ Part 3 , Common Technical Communication Genres, explains the common genres traditional in technical communication—definitions, descriptions, process explanations, and instructions. These genres may serve as building blocks for larger documents, or they may stand by themselves.

■ Part 4 , Presenting Research, focuses on workplace research. The chapter on re- search has been moved so that it is the first chapter in this section, with an emphasis on the research processes common to technical communication. Although research is the basis of articles in professional journals, it is also the foundation for most reports, proposals, and white papers.

■ Part 5 , Alternatives to Print Text, brings together chapters that will help students present information in formats other than print text. As users access more information through digital and visual formats, alternatives to print text become more important.

■ Part 6 , Communicating a Professional Image, comprises two chapters to help students begin and succeed in professional careers.

Through all of the chapters, you will find a number of other changes as well. Chap- ters now open with a list of objectives, and the chapter summaries are presented as easy- to-read lists of key points from the chapter. Assignments at the end of the text are now clearly marked as Analysis or Practice exercises, and assignments placed in the context of M-Global are clearly identified. New and revised figures and models also appear in every chapter. Throughout the text, there is an increased emphasis on the use of computers in technical communication.

New and revised material in each chapter includes the following:

■ Chapter 1 now emphasizes the importance of context as an influence on the writing process and written documents. The information about M-Global, the fictional company

Prefacevi

that is the basis for cases and examples throughout the book, is now collected in a model employee orientation document at the end of the chapter.

■ Chapter 2 includes an expanded discussion of how software tools are used in the writing process.

■ Chapter 3 has been moved in this edition to emphasize that collaboration is a writ- ing process, and that it is central to most workplace writing. The chapter has been expanded and now includes a section on writing in a Content Management System (CMS) environment.

■ Chapter 4 includes an expanded discussion of modular writing and new information about organizing digital documents for easy access by users.

■ Chapter 5 now treats document design as a whole, including navigation elements, color, fonts, and consistent design. It includes a new section on designing digital docu- ments for a variety of platforms and an increased emphasis on the role of computers in the document design process.

■ Chapter 6 now emphasizes the qualities that make all forms of business correspond- ence effective. Correspondence is now categorized by its purpose and content. The chapter includes expanded discussion of how context and purpose lead writers to choose among e-mail, letters, and memos.

■ Chapter 7 has expanded the discussion of definitions and descriptions, including new ABC guidelines for organizing each. The discussion of definitions has been expanded to include the importance of definitions of abstract concepts in daily life.

■ Chapter 8 has expanded the discussion of process explanations and instructions, includ- ing new ABC formats for each. The discussion of process explanations now includes a discussion of script formats and the use of scripts, flowcharts, and lists in process expla- nations. The chapter also includes a new section on point-of-use documentation.

■ Chapter 9 has been revised and reorganized to explain how and why research is con- ducted by professionals in the workplace. It explains the importance of literature re- views as the foundation of any research. It now introduces quantitative and qualitative research, including new information about research with human subjects. The chapter clearly distinguishes between primary and secondary sources. Discussion of online tools for research has been expanded. New sections in the chapter include an ABC for- mat for presenting technical research and usability testing as a form of research.

■ Chapter 10 now puts all of the information about informal and formal document formats in one chapter, removing redundancy from previous editions. The chapter in- cludes a new discussion of how to format documents to suit their context and purpose.

■ Chapter 11 now emphasizes two main purposes for reports—for information and for analysis. Informative reports are explained as a means of conducting daily opera- tions and record keeping in organizations. The chapter introduces guidelines and ABC formats for four types of informative reports: activity reports, progress reports, lab reports, and regulatory reports—a type of report new to this edition. Analytical re- ports are explained as a resource for problem solving in organizations. The chapter

viiPreface

Preface

introduces guidelines and ABC formats for four types of analytical reports: problem analyses, recommendation reports, feasibility studies, and equipment evaluations.

■ Chapter 12 now classifies proposals in three ways—as unsolicited or solicited, and as grant proposals (new to this edition). The chapter includes guidelines and ABC formats for these three types of proposals. Also new to this edition is a discussion of white papers, a type of document that is important to many organizations. The chap- ter includes two new models: a grant proposal and a white paper.

■ Chapter 13 includes new and updated discussion and examples. It includes two new sets of guidelines—for photographs and for screen captures. Included in the chapter is a discussion of how to take and use screen captures in documents.

■ Chapter 14 has been revised to emphasize the dynamic nature of Web pages and Web sites, and to focus on the importance of developing content with the user in mind. As Web sites have become increasingly complex, the role of technical com- municators in creating and maintaining Web sites has changed. The chapter has been revised to reflect those changes. The chapter includes three new models with sample Web pages from Web sites—a professional Web site and two student Web sites.

■ Chapter 15 includes a new section on poster sessions, with information about design- ing and printing posters.

■ Chapter 16 includes new information on the role of networking in the job search proc- ess. The chapter also includes a new section on portfolios for technical communicators.

■ Chapter 17 has expanded the discussion of sample sentence revisions. The section on sexist language has been revised to address multiple varieties of language bias. The chapter includes new discussion of the role of style sheets and style guides in work- place writing.

■ The information for speakers of English as a second language (ESL) has been moved from the Handbook to a separate appendix, to make it easier to access.

■ A new appendix has been added with suggestions for Further Reading . This bibliography includes all sources cited in the textbook, as well as additional readings, organized by general chapter topic.

viii

Preface

Core Features of Technical Communication: A Practical Approach

Chapter 1 Technical Communication in the Workplace

In this chapter, students will

■ Be introduced to the key characteristics of technical communication

■ Learn how workplace writing differs from academic writing

■ Learn the effect of organizational culture on workplace communication

■ Be introduced to communication challenges in the global economy

■ Learn basic ethical principles for use in the workplace

■ Be introduced to the M-Global case that is used throughout the book

Chapter Objectives

1

Photo © Robnroll/Dreamstime.com

This edition continues the emphasis on the practi- cal aspects of technical communication in a work- place context.

Focus on Process and Product in a Workplace Context This book has students practicing writing early ( Chapter 1 ). The text immerses them in the proc- ess of technical writing while teaching practical formats for getting the job done.

163 Types of Messages in Correspondence

Any delay gives readers the chance to wonder whether the news will be good or bad, thus causing momentary confusion. On the left is a complete outline for positive correspondence that corresponds to the ABC format.

M-Global Case Study for a Positive Letter As a project manager at M-Global’s Houston office, Nancy Slade has agreed to complete a foundation investigation for a large church about 300 miles away. There are cracks in the basement floor slab and doors that do not close, so her crew needs a day to analyze the problem (observing the site, measuring walls, digging soil borings, taking samples, etc.). She took this small job on the condition that she could schedule it around several larger (and more profitable) projects in the same area during mid-August.

Yesterday, Nancy received a letter from the minister (speak- ing for the church committee), who requested that M-Global change the date. He had just been asked by the regional head- quarters to host a three-day conference at the church during the same time that M-Global was originally scheduled to complete the project.

ABC Format: Positive Correspondence

■ ABSTRACT Puts correspondence in the context of an ongoing professional relationship by referring to previous communication related to the subject

■ Clear statement of good news you have to report

■ BODY: Supporting data for main point mentioned in abstract

■ Clarification of any questions reader may have

■ Qualification, if any, of the good news

■ CONCLUSION: Statement of eagerness to continue relationship, complete project, etc.

■ Clear statement, if appropriate, of what step should come next

A Simple ABC Pattern for All Documents The “ABC format”— A bstract, B ody, and C onclusion—guides students’ work in this course and throughout their careers. This underlying three-part structure pro- vides a convenient handle for designing almost every technical document.

Chapter 6 Correspondence168

By taking an extra minute to check the style and tone of your message, you have the best chance of sending an e-mail that will be well received.

E-mail Guideline 1: Use Style Appropriate to the Reader and Subject E-mail sent early in a relationship with a client or other professional contact should be somewhat formal. It should be written more like a letter, with a salutation, closing, and complete sentences. E-mail written once a professional relationship has been estab- lished can use a more casual style. It can resemble conversation with the recipient on the phone. Sentence fragments and slang are acceptable, as long as they contribute to your objectives and are in good taste. Most important, avoid displaying a negative or angry tone. Don’t push the Send button unless an e-mail will produce a constructive exchange.

E-mail Guideline 2: Be Sure Your Message Indicates the Context to Which It Applies

Tell your readers what the subject is and what prompted you to write your message. If you are replying to a message, be sure to include the previous message or summarize the message to which you are replying. Most e-mail software packages include a copy of the message to which you are replying, as in Model 6–3 . However, you should make sure that you include only the messages that provide the context for your reader. Long strings of forwarded e-mail make it difficult to find the necessary information.

E-mail Guideline 3: Choose the Most Appropriate Method for Replying to a Message

Short e-mail messages may require that you write only a brief response at the beginning or end of the e-mail to which you are responding. For complex, multitopic messages, however, you may wish to split your reply by commenting on each point individually ( Figure 6–5 ).

E-mail Guideline 4: Format Your Message Carefully Because e-mail messages frequently replace more formal print-based documents, they should be organized and formatted so that the readers can easily locate the information you want to communicate.

■ Use headings to identify important chunks of information.

■ Use lists to display a series of information.

■ Use sufficient white space to separate important chunks of information.

■ Use separators to divide one piece of information from another.

Figure 6–6 illustrates an e-mail message with headings, separators, and white space.

E-mail Guideline 5: Chunk Information for Easy Scanning Break the information into coherent chunks dealing with one specific topic, including all the details that a reader needs to get all of the essential information. Depending on

Numbered Guidelines Many sets of short, numbered guidelines make this book easy to use to complete class projects. Each set of guidelines takes students through the process of finishing assignments, such as writing a proposal, doing research on the Internet, constructing a bar chart, and preparing an oral presentation.

ix

478 Chapter 12 Proposals and White Papers

PROJECT 8: Designed and Created Documentation of Data Security Procedures

CLIENT: Kansas Department of Social and Health Services

■ Model 12–6 ■ continued

M-Global Inc | 127 Rainbow Lane | Baltimore MD 21202 | 410.555.8175

Brief Project Description In response to public concerns about the security of private data, the Kansas Department of Social and Health Services undertook a systematic documentation of all security protocols for personal information. Using the recommendations of an Information Systems Audit, M-Global created on-line and print documentation of computer security procedures.

Main Technical Tasks • Identified procedures to be documented • Designed information architecture for procedural documentation • Created on-line help files to be used by computer operators • Created print-format guide to data security procedures

Main Findings or Benefits • Assisted in meeting public expectations of privacy of confidential

information • New documentation contributed to improved security rating in follow-up

audit • Recognized by Kansans for Security and Privacy for contributions to

security of state records.

Daisuke Morita/Photodisc/Getty Images

M-Global, Inc.—A Fictional Company M-Global, Inc., creates a fictional com- pany for the classroom. Not all students have experience working in a professional or technical organization, so M-Global supplies a realistic backdrop for many of the book’s examples and assignments.

“Write About It” Assignments in Each Chapter Each “Communication Challenge” includes a writing as- signment that asks students to analyze and respond to the challenge and the discussion questions.

Chapter 6 Correspondence

over a four-hour period, for a list with almost 200

members?

  1. Read through the list of subject lines. Do any of them

seem inappropriate for the M-Global [NEWS] list, given

its users and its history?

  1. Are there any subject lines that could be improved?

Explain.

  1. What do you think about Jeannie’s suggestion that all

messages sent to the [NEWS] list be approved before

being posted? What problems do you see with this

approach? What advantages?

  1. What do you think of Janet’s decision to assign

the task of creating rules for the [NEWS] list to a

college intern? What benefits does it offer Bart?

What potential problems does he face in completing

this task?

Write About It

Assume the role of Bart. Do some research on netiquette

and decide what guidelines might apply to a list like the

employee [NEWS] list. Look over the subject lines and de-

cide what subjects, if any, should be kept off the list. Think

about what advice you might offer about subject lines for

the list. Do you like Jeannie’s idea about messages to the

list requiring approval? What alternatives are there? If

your campus has a similar list (or lists) that go out to ev-

eryone, look at the subjects of that list. Your instructor

may be willing to share the subjects of a day’s worth of

postings to any similar campus lists that she or he is on.

Write a persuasive memo to Janet that responds to Jean-

nie’s request and explains your reasons for your decisions.

Include citations from any sources that you have researched.

General Instructions Each Collaboration at Work exercise applies strategies for

working in teams to chapter topics. The exercise assumes

you (1) have been divided into teams of about three to six

students, (2) use team time inside or outside of class to com-

plete the case, and (3) produce an oral or written response.

For guidelines about writing in teams, refer to Chapter 3 .

Background for Assignment A century ago, business professionals had few opportuni-

ties for communication beyond the formal letter or meet-

ing; today, the range of options is incredibly broad. On one

hand, we marvel at the choices for getting our message

heard or read; on the other hand, the many ways to com-

municate present an embarrassment of riches that can be

confusing.

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Reading Question

Reading Question

read a chapter and then write a 300 words essay

Warren Wilson College

Missouri Western State University

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto

Delhi Mexico City São Paolo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text.

Microsoft ® and Windows ® are registered trademarks of the Microsoft Corporation in the U.S.A. and other countries. Screen shots and icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft Corporation. This book is not sponsored or endorsed by or affiliated with the Microsoft Corporation.

Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1997, 1994, 1991 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copy- right, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290.

Many of the designations by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trade- marks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pfeiffer, William S. Technical communication : a practical approach / William Sanborn Pfeiffer, Kaye Adkins. — 8th ed. p. cm. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-278578-5 ISBN-10: 0-13-278578-1 1. English language—Technical English—Problems, exercises, etc. 2. Communication of technical information—Problems, exercises, etc. 3. English language—Rhetoric—Problems, exercises, etc. 4. Technical writing–Problems, exercises, etc. I. Adkins, Kaye E. II. Title. PE1475.P47 2013 808.06’66–dc23 2011041404

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-278578-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-278578-5

Editorial Director : Vernon R. Anthony Executive Editor : Gary Bauer Editorial Assistant : Tanika Henderson Director of Marketing : David Gesell Marketing Manager : Stacey Martinez Marketing Assistant : Les Roberts Senior Managing Editor : JoEllen Gohr Senior Project Manager : Rex Davidson Senior Operations Supervisor : Pat Tonneman Creative Director: Andrea Nix

Art Director: Diane Y. Ernsberger Cover Designer : Diane Y. Ernberger Cover Image : iStockPhoto Media Project Manager : Karen Bretz Full-Service Project Management : Peggy Kellar Composition : Aptara/Falls Church Printer/Binder : R. R. Donnelley/Willard Cover Printer : Lehigh/Phoenix Color Hagerstown Text Font : Perpetua Std, 12/14 pt

Dedication

Deepest thanks go to my family—Evelyn, Zachary, and Katie—for their love and support throughout this and every writing project I take on.

—Sandy

To those who have taught me about technical communication—Dr. Joanna Freeman, the programmers at Phoenix/SSC, TechWhirlers, my colleagues in ATTW and

CPTSC, and my former students who are now practitioners in the field. —Kaye

This page intentionally left blank

Good writing is always a breaking of the soil, clearing away prejudices, pulling up of sour weeds of crooked thinking, stripping the turf so as to get at what is fertile beneath.

—Henry Seidel Canby (1878–1961), “Cultivate Your Garden”

Most writers agree with Henry Seidel Canby that writing is hard work, but well-crafted writing makes the effort worthwhile. Clear writing, of the kind we call technical writing or technical communication, helps businesses run more smoothly, helps government run more effectively, and helps all of us accomplish our goals.

To help you become an effective technical communicator, all editions of this book have stressed one simple principle: You learn to write well by doing as much writing as possible. This eighth edition adds new features that make it even more usable, without changing what has made the book work in all editions—updated models and references, clear explanations of the writing process, advice for using technology, and a new organi- zation that emphasizes the technical communication process in the workplace context.

The eighth edition continues the use of M-Global, the fictional company that serves as the basis for many examples and assignments. M-Global provides a complex case that runs throughout the book, with examples of technical communication practices in a vari- ety of professional fields. It reflects the communication experience of people at all stages of their careers, providing students with an insight into situations they will find as they start their careers, as well as introducing them to the kinds of communication challenges they will face as they advance professionally. The M-Global case also gives students a rich context for assignments. Students are welcomed to M-Global in the first chapter, and they learn more about the organization throughout the book, just as new employees are introduced to an organization with orientation and an employee handbook and then learn more about the organization and their colleagues as time passes.

At the start of our classes, we sometimes ask students to describe their professional goals for the next 10 years. As you might expect, they hope to rise to important positions in the workplace and make genuine contributions to their professions. Such long-term thinking is crucial, keeping you on course in your life.

Yet, ultimately, the way you handle the small details of daily life most influences the contribution you make in the long run. If you do good work, believe in what you do, and communicate well with others—both interpersonally and in writing—success will come your way. The author Robert Pirsig put it this way in his 1974 classic, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: “The place to improve the world is first in one’s own heart and head and hands, and then work outward from there.”

We believe—and this book tries to show—that clear, concise, and honest writing is one of the most powerful tools of your heart, head, and hands.

Kaye Adkins, Professor of English/Technical Communication Missouri Western State University

William S. Pfeiffer, President Warren Wilson College

Preface

v

New Features of Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition

Technical communication is a rapidly changing field that helps users adapt to advances in technology. At the same time, technical communicators must recognize the changes in how users access and use information about technology. Throughout this edition, you will find revisions and new information to reflect the changing field of technical communica- tion. First of all, the chapters have been reordered and grouped to reflect how writing is created and used in today’s workplace.

■ Part 1 , Introduction to Technical Communication, defines technical commu- nication as a practice. It helps students understand how they can apply what they have learned about the writing process in an academic setting to a workplace setting. The chapter on collaboration has been moved to this section to reflect its integral role in workplace writing.

■ Part 2 , Effective Workplace Documents, introduces students to the elements of all workplace documents, including organization and document design. It also includes a chapter on the most common form of workplace writing—correspondence.

■ Part 3 , Common Technical Communication Genres, explains the common genres traditional in technical communication—definitions, descriptions, process explanations, and instructions. These genres may serve as building blocks for larger documents, or they may stand by themselves.

■ Part 4 , Presenting Research, focuses on workplace research. The chapter on re- search has been moved so that it is the first chapter in this section, with an emphasis on the research processes common to technical communication. Although research is the basis of articles in professional journals, it is also the foundation for most reports, proposals, and white papers.

■ Part 5 , Alternatives to Print Text, brings together chapters that will help students present information in formats other than print text. As users access more information through digital and visual formats, alternatives to print text become more important.

■ Part 6 , Communicating a Professional Image, comprises two chapters to help students begin and succeed in professional careers.

Through all of the chapters, you will find a number of other changes as well. Chap- ters now open with a list of objectives, and the chapter summaries are presented as easy- to-read lists of key points from the chapter. Assignments at the end of the text are now clearly marked as Analysis or Practice exercises, and assignments placed in the context of M-Global are clearly identified. New and revised figures and models also appear in every chapter. Throughout the text, there is an increased emphasis on the use of computers in technical communication.

New and revised material in each chapter includes the following:

■ Chapter 1 now emphasizes the importance of context as an influence on the writing process and written documents. The information about M-Global, the fictional company

Prefacevi

that is the basis for cases and examples throughout the book, is now collected in a model employee orientation document at the end of the chapter.

■ Chapter 2 includes an expanded discussion of how software tools are used in the writing process.

■ Chapter 3 has been moved in this edition to emphasize that collaboration is a writ- ing process, and that it is central to most workplace writing. The chapter has been expanded and now includes a section on writing in a Content Management System (CMS) environment.

■ Chapter 4 includes an expanded discussion of modular writing and new information about organizing digital documents for easy access by users.

■ Chapter 5 now treats document design as a whole, including navigation elements, color, fonts, and consistent design. It includes a new section on designing digital docu- ments for a variety of platforms and an increased emphasis on the role of computers in the document design process.

■ Chapter 6 now emphasizes the qualities that make all forms of business correspond- ence effective. Correspondence is now categorized by its purpose and content. The chapter includes expanded discussion of how context and purpose lead writers to choose among e-mail, letters, and memos.

■ Chapter 7 has expanded the discussion of definitions and descriptions, including new ABC guidelines for organizing each. The discussion of definitions has been expanded to include the importance of definitions of abstract concepts in daily life.

■ Chapter 8 has expanded the discussion of process explanations and instructions, includ- ing new ABC formats for each. The discussion of process explanations now includes a discussion of script formats and the use of scripts, flowcharts, and lists in process expla- nations. The chapter also includes a new section on point-of-use documentation.

■ Chapter 9 has been revised and reorganized to explain how and why research is con- ducted by professionals in the workplace. It explains the importance of literature re- views as the foundation of any research. It now introduces quantitative and qualitative research, including new information about research with human subjects. The chapter clearly distinguishes between primary and secondary sources. Discussion of online tools for research has been expanded. New sections in the chapter include an ABC for- mat for presenting technical research and usability testing as a form of research.

■ Chapter 10 now puts all of the information about informal and formal document formats in one chapter, removing redundancy from previous editions. The chapter in- cludes a new discussion of how to format documents to suit their context and purpose.

■ Chapter 11 now emphasizes two main purposes for reports—for information and for analysis. Informative reports are explained as a means of conducting daily opera- tions and record keeping in organizations. The chapter introduces guidelines and ABC formats for four types of informative reports: activity reports, progress reports, lab reports, and regulatory reports—a type of report new to this edition. Analytical re- ports are explained as a resource for problem solving in organizations. The chapter

viiPreface

Preface

introduces guidelines and ABC formats for four types of analytical reports: problem analyses, recommendation reports, feasibility studies, and equipment evaluations.

■ Chapter 12 now classifies proposals in three ways—as unsolicited or solicited, and as grant proposals (new to this edition). The chapter includes guidelines and ABC formats for these three types of proposals. Also new to this edition is a discussion of white papers, a type of document that is important to many organizations. The chap- ter includes two new models: a grant proposal and a white paper.

■ Chapter 13 includes new and updated discussion and examples. It includes two new sets of guidelines—for photographs and for screen captures. Included in the chapter is a discussion of how to take and use screen captures in documents.

■ Chapter 14 has been revised to emphasize the dynamic nature of Web pages and Web sites, and to focus on the importance of developing content with the user in mind. As Web sites have become increasingly complex, the role of technical com- municators in creating and maintaining Web sites has changed. The chapter has been revised to reflect those changes. The chapter includes three new models with sample Web pages from Web sites—a professional Web site and two student Web sites.

■ Chapter 15 includes a new section on poster sessions, with information about design- ing and printing posters.

■ Chapter 16 includes new information on the role of networking in the job search proc- ess. The chapter also includes a new section on portfolios for technical communicators.

■ Chapter 17 has expanded the discussion of sample sentence revisions. The section on sexist language has been revised to address multiple varieties of language bias. The chapter includes new discussion of the role of style sheets and style guides in work- place writing.

■ The information for speakers of English as a second language (ESL) has been moved from the Handbook to a separate appendix, to make it easier to access.

■ A new appendix has been added with suggestions for Further Reading . This bibliography includes all sources cited in the textbook, as well as additional readings, organized by general chapter topic.

viii

Preface

Core Features of Technical Communication: A Practical Approach

Chapter 1 Technical Communication in the Workplace

In this chapter, students will

■ Be introduced to the key characteristics of technical communication

■ Learn how workplace writing differs from academic writing

■ Learn the effect of organizational culture on workplace communication

■ Be introduced to communication challenges in the global economy

■ Learn basic ethical principles for use in the workplace

■ Be introduced to the M-Global case that is used throughout the book

Chapter Objectives

1

Photo © Robnroll/Dreamstime.com

This edition continues the emphasis on the practi- cal aspects of technical communication in a work- place context.

Focus on Process and Product in a Workplace Context This book has students practicing writing early ( Chapter 1 ). The text immerses them in the proc- ess of technical writing while teaching practical formats for getting the job done.

163 Types of Messages in Correspondence

Any delay gives readers the chance to wonder whether the news will be good or bad, thus causing momentary confusion. On the left is a complete outline for positive correspondence that corresponds to the ABC format.

M-Global Case Study for a Positive Letter As a project manager at M-Global’s Houston office, Nancy Slade has agreed to complete a foundation investigation for a large church about 300 miles away. There are cracks in the basement floor slab and doors that do not close, so her crew needs a day to analyze the problem (observing the site, measuring walls, digging soil borings, taking samples, etc.). She took this small job on the condition that she could schedule it around several larger (and more profitable) projects in the same area during mid-August.

Yesterday, Nancy received a letter from the minister (speak- ing for the church committee), who requested that M-Global change the date. He had just been asked by the regional head- quarters to host a three-day conference at the church during the same time that M-Global was originally scheduled to complete the project.

ABC Format: Positive Correspondence

■ ABSTRACT Puts correspondence in the context of an ongoing professional relationship by referring to previous communication related to the subject

■ Clear statement of good news you have to report

■ BODY: Supporting data for main point mentioned in abstract

■ Clarification of any questions reader may have

■ Qualification, if any, of the good news

■ CONCLUSION: Statement of eagerness to continue relationship, complete project, etc.

■ Clear statement, if appropriate, of what step should come next

A Simple ABC Pattern for All Documents The “ABC format”— A bstract, B ody, and C onclusion—guides students’ work in this course and throughout their careers. This underlying three-part structure pro- vides a convenient handle for designing almost every technical document.

Chapter 6 Correspondence168

By taking an extra minute to check the style and tone of your message, you have the best chance of sending an e-mail that will be well received.

E-mail Guideline 1: Use Style Appropriate to the Reader and Subject E-mail sent early in a relationship with a client or other professional contact should be somewhat formal. It should be written more like a letter, with a salutation, closing, and complete sentences. E-mail written once a professional relationship has been estab- lished can use a more casual style. It can resemble conversation with the recipient on the phone. Sentence fragments and slang are acceptable, as long as they contribute to your objectives and are in good taste. Most important, avoid displaying a negative or angry tone. Don’t push the Send button unless an e-mail will produce a constructive exchange.

E-mail Guideline 2: Be Sure Your Message Indicates the Context to Which It Applies

Tell your readers what the subject is and what prompted you to write your message. If you are replying to a message, be sure to include the previous message or summarize the message to which you are replying. Most e-mail software packages include a copy of the message to which you are replying, as in Model 6–3 . However, you should make sure that you include only the messages that provide the context for your reader. Long strings of forwarded e-mail make it difficult to find the necessary information.

E-mail Guideline 3: Choose the Most Appropriate Method for Replying to a Message

Short e-mail messages may require that you write only a brief response at the beginning or end of the e-mail to which you are responding. For complex, multitopic messages, however, you may wish to split your reply by commenting on each point individually ( Figure 6–5 ).

E-mail Guideline 4: Format Your Message Carefully Because e-mail messages frequently replace more formal print-based documents, they should be organized and formatted so that the readers can easily locate the information you want to communicate.

■ Use headings to identify important chunks of information.

■ Use lists to display a series of information.

■ Use sufficient white space to separate important chunks of information.

■ Use separators to divide one piece of information from another.

Figure 6–6 illustrates an e-mail message with headings, separators, and white space.

E-mail Guideline 5: Chunk Information for Easy Scanning Break the information into coherent chunks dealing with one specific topic, including all the details that a reader needs to get all of the essential information. Depending on

Numbered Guidelines Many sets of short, numbered guidelines make this book easy to use to complete class projects. Each set of guidelines takes students through the process of finishing assignments, such as writing a proposal, doing research on the Internet, constructing a bar chart, and preparing an oral presentation.

ix

478 Chapter 12 Proposals and White Papers

PROJECT 8: Designed and Created Documentation of Data Security Procedures

CLIENT: Kansas Department of Social and Health Services

■ Model 12–6 ■ continued

M-Global Inc | 127 Rainbow Lane | Baltimore MD 21202 | 410.555.8175

Brief Project Description In response to public concerns about the security of private data, the Kansas Department of Social and Health Services undertook a systematic documentation of all security protocols for personal information. Using the recommendations of an Information Systems Audit, M-Global created on-line and print documentation of computer security procedures.

Main Technical Tasks • Identified procedures to be documented • Designed information architecture for procedural documentation • Created on-line help files to be used by computer operators • Created print-format guide to data security procedures

Main Findings or Benefits • Assisted in meeting public expectations of privacy of confidential

information • New documentation contributed to improved security rating in follow-up

audit • Recognized by Kansans for Security and Privacy for contributions to

security of state records.

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The New Nationalism Vs. The New Freedom

The New Nationalism Vs. The New Freedom

Analyze the historical importance of your chosen document and how it helps you understand the larger historical events/processes at play in the textbook chapter(s) it is associated with. Please remember to use specific details from the document to support your arguments.

The MINIMUM length requirement for your response is One FULL Page.

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Analyze the historical importance of your chosen document

Analyze the historical importance of your chosen document

Analyze the historical importance of your chosen document and how it helps you understand the larger historical events/processes at play in the textbook chapter(s) it is associated with. Please remember to use specific details from the document to support your arguments.

The MINIMUM length requirement for your response is One FULL Page.

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Critical Elements Exemplary Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Value

Critical Elements Exemplary Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Value

1

IT 100 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric

Overview

The final project for this course is the creation of a polished business presentation consisting of a formatted and revised business letter, a dynamic spreadsheet, and a formatted and revised slide presentation. In the professional environments of today, one of the most important and frequently used tools for communicating information is an office productivity suite such as Microsoft Office. Office productivity suites consist of bundled applications designed to help users create various deliverables such as word-processing documents, spreadsheets, and slide presentations. Your ability to select an appropriate application based on key specifications and to use various tools and functions within the application to create polished professional deliverables will be critical for successful communication and collaboration with clients and stakeholders in any field you pursue. In this project, you will take the role of a business analyst and apply essential skills and techniques within office productivity applications to prepare three related professional deliverables: a business letter, a spreadsheet, and a slide presentation. Review the Final Project Scenario document to learn more about the simulated business case. The project is divided into two milestones, which will be submitted at different points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure a quality final submission. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Two and Four. The final submission is due in Module Seven. In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:

 Apply appropriate tools within office productivity applications for supporting the creation of professional-quality documents, spreadsheets, and presentations

 Integrate key business specifications into a variety of office productivity suite applications for ensuring effective deliverables

 Apply appropriate style and formatting conventions in creating professional documents, spreadsheets, and presentations

 Apply fundamental best practices for revision within office productivity applications for the finalization of a professional-quality document and presentation

http://snhu-media.snhu.edu/files/course_repository/undergraduate/it/it100/it100_final_project_scenario.pdf
2

Prompt

As you prepare to communicate the next steps in the consulting partnership between your organization, Business Consultants, and your client, New Hampshire Business Products (NHBP), you will prepare three deliverables using office productivity applications: a business letter to stakeholders at NHBP to share your findings and request a follow-up meeting, a spreadsheet that will allow you to organize and manipulate the given sales data with basic calculation functions, and a slide presentation that will help you communicate your findings to your team at Business Consultants. Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed:

I. Business Letter: Apply audience-appropriate formatting and style conventions to a follow-up business letter for New Hampshire Business Products. Revise and submit the business letter you completed for Milestone One, which was based on the content in this document.

A. Incorporate the business letter content into a business letter template. B. Apply formatting conventions appropriate for the intended audience.

  1. Select a standard and consistent font and font size. 2. Format the document with standard and consistent line spacing, margins, and indentation. 3. Configure the data provided into a table.

C. Apply revisions to the provided draft to produce a document that is clear of typographical and formatting errors.

II. Spreadsheet: Create a spreadsheet that clearly and functionally displays the numerical data provided in the scenario.

A. For current sales, display sales by category and total. B. For projected sales, display sales by category and total. C. Apply formatting conventions appropriate for a business audience.

  1. Select a consistent font and font size. 2. Format the spreadsheet with row and column spacing, row and column alignments, and cell formatting. 3. Apply labels that identify the values contained in each row and column.

D. Apply formulas to calculate totals for current sales as well as projected sales. E. Embed a bar chart that accurately displays the total sales for the current year. F. Embed a bar chart that accurately displays the projected sales for the next five years. G. Embed a line graph that accurately displays the projected sales growth over the next five years.

III. Slide Presentation: Apply appropriate formatting and revision conventions and visuals to the content on the provided slides to create a presentation

that addresses the needs of the audience within Business Consultants as well as your needs as the speaker preparing to convey the information to a business audience. Revise and submit the slide presentation you completed in Module Six, which was based on the unformatted slides in this presentation.

A. Apply consistent slide templates and color schemes that help organize and convey your message.

http://snhu-media.snhu.edu/files/course_repository/undergraduate/it/it100/businessletter_v.1.docx
http://snhu-media.snhu.edu/files/course_repository/undergraduate/it/it100/slidepresentation_v.1.pptx
http://snhu-media.snhu.edu/files/course_repository/undergraduate/it/it100/slidepresentation_v.1.pptx
3

B. Insert charts and graphs from your spreadsheet into the slide presentation where indicated. C. For each slide, select a font style and size of text that are appropriate for the specified audience and support your message. D. Revise the existing slide content to reflect an appropriate amount of text on each slide for conveying your message to the specified audience. E. Revise excess slide text into speaker notes, shaping them into a tool to support yourself, the speaker, in delivering your message. F. Incorporate slide transitions and graphics that support the message.

Milestones

Milestone One: Business Letter (Draft of Section I) In Module Two, you will submit a draft of your formatted and revised business letter. Using Microsoft Word, you will summarize the findings of your initial meeting with the client and request a follow-up meeting. Formatting and style conventions must be appropriate for the identified audience. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone One Rubric. Milestone Two: Spreadsheet (Draft of Section II) In Module Four, you will submit a draft of your Excel spreadsheet. You will create a spreadsheet that clearly and functionally displays key numerical data about the client organization, using formatting conventions, labeling, formulas, and style conventions appropriate for the business audience. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Two Rubric. Final Submission: Business Presentation In Module Seven, you will submit your revised business letter, Excel spreadsheet, and slide presentation. Your submission should be a complete, polished artifact containing all of the critical elements of the final project. It should reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course. This submission will be graded with the Final Project Rubric.

Deliverables

Milestone Deliverable Module Due Grading

One Business Letter (Draft of Section I) Two Graded separately; Milestone One Rubric

Two Spreadsheet (Draft of Section II) Four Graded separately; Milestone Two Rubric

Final Submission: Business Presentation Seven Graded separately; Final Project Rubric

4

Final Project Rubric

Guidelines for Submission: For Section I, use the file you revised for Milestone One (version 2) and submit it as version 3 with the file-naming convention shown below. For Section II, submit an Excel spreadsheet that you generate. For Section III, revise and submit the slide presentation you completed as part of the peer review discussion in Module Six. Use the following naming conventions:

 businessletter_v.3_firstinitiallastname.docx

 spreadsheet_firstinitiallastname.xlsx

 slidepresentation_v.2_firstinitiallastname.pptx

Critical Elements Exemplary Proficient Needs Improvement Not Evident Value

Business Letter: Template

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and the chosen business letter template is especially well suited for conveying the information to the business audience (100%)

Incorporates the business letter content into a business letter template (85%)

Incorporates the business letter content into a template, but the template selection is not appropriate for a business audience (55%)

Does not incorporate the business letter content into a business letter template (0%)

4

Business Letter: Font and Size

Selects a standard and consistent font and font size (100%)

Selects a font and size, but font and/or size selections are not appropriate for a business audience, or font and/or font size are not consistent throughout (55%)

Does not select an appropriate and consistent font and font size (0%)

3

Business Letter: Format

Formats the document with standard and consistent line spacing, margins, and indentation (100%)

Formats the document but does not address all components, or formatting changes are not standard and consistent (55%)

Does not format the document with standard and consistent line spacing, margins, and indentation (0%)

3

Business Letter: Table

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and table is especially well suited for conveying the information displayed (100%)

Configures the data provided into a table (85%)

Configures the data provided into a table, but table formatting distracts from the message or is not appropriate for a business audience, or information is missing from the table (55%)

Does not configure data provided into a table (0%)

4

5

Business Letter: Revisions

Applies revision techniques to the provided draft to produce a document clear of typographical and formatting errors (100%)

Applies revision techniques to the provided draft, but the document produced contains some typographical and formatting errors, or revisions are not appropriate for the audience (55%)

Does not apply revision techniques to the provided draft (0%)

8

Spreadsheet: Current Sales

Displays current sales by category and total (100%)

Displays current sales but does not display by category and/or total, or information is otherwise incomplete (55%)

Does not display current sales by category and total (0%)

8

Spreadsheet: Projected Sales

Displays projected sales by category and total (100%)

Displays projected sales but does not display by category and/or total, or information is otherwise incomplete (55%)

Does not display projected sales by category and total (0%)

8

Spreadsheet: Font and Size

Selects a consistent and standard font and font size (100%)

Selects a consistent font and font size, but font and/or font size distract from the message or are not appropriate for a business audience (55%)

Does not select a consistent font and font size (0%)

3

Spreadsheet: Format

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and formatting choices are especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

Formats the spreadsheet with row and column spacing, row and column alignments, and cell formatting (85%)

Formats the spreadsheet but does not address all components, or formatting changes distract from the message or are not appropriate for a business audience (55%)

Does not format the spreadsheet (0%)

3

Spreadsheet: Labels

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and label choice and formatting are especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

Applies labels that identify the values contained in each row and column (85%)

Applies labels, but they do not accurately identify the values, or label formatting distracts from the message (55%)

Does not apply labels (0%) 3

Spreadsheet: Formulas

Applies formulas to calculate all totals (100%)

Applies formulas to calculate totals, but not all calculations are addressed with formulas, or formulas contain inaccuracies (55%)

Does not apply formulas (0%) 3

6

Spreadsheet: Current Year

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and formatting and style choices are especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

Embeds a bar chart that accurately displays the total sales for the current year (85%)

Embeds a bar chart that displays the total sales for the current year, but chart contains inaccuracies, or formatting and style choices distract from the message (55%)

Does not embed a bar chart that displays the total sales for the current year (0%)

4

Spreadsheet: Next Five Years

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and formatting and style choices are especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

Embeds a bar chart that accurately displays the projected sales for the next five years (85%)

Embeds a bar chart that displays the projected sales for the next five years, but chart contains inaccuracies, or formatting and style choices distract from the message (55%)

Does not embed a bar chart that displays the projected sales for the next five years (0%)

4

Spreadsheet: Sales Growth

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and formatting and style choices are especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

Embeds a line graph that accurately displays the projected sales growth over the next five years (85%)

Embeds a line graph that displays the projected sales growth over the next five years, but graph contains inaccuracies, or formatting and style choices distract from the message (55%)

Does not embed a line graph that accurately displays the projected sales growth over the next five years (0%)

4

Slide Presentation: Templates

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and slide templates and color schemes are especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

Applies consistent slide templates and color schemes that help organize and convey the message (85%)

Applies slide templates and color schemes, but choices are inconsistent, or template and color choices distract from the message (55%)

Does not apply slide templates and color schemes (0%)

3

Slide Presentation: Charts and Graphs

Inserts charts and graphs from the spreadsheet into the slide presentation where indicated (100%)

Inserts charts and graphs from the spreadsheet into the slide presentation but does not follow instructions for indicated chart and graph placement (55%)

Does not insert charts and graphs from the spreadsheet into the slide presentation (0%)

4

Slide Presentation: Text

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and font style and size of text are especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

For each slide, selects a font style and size of text that are appropriate for the specified audience and support the message (85%)

For each slide, selects a font style and size of text, but choices are inconsistent or distract from the message (55%)

Does not select a font style and size of text for each slide (0%)

3

7

Slide Presentation: Amount of Text

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and amount of text is especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

Revises the existing slide content to reflect an appropriate amount of text on each slide for conveying the message to the specified audience (85%)

Revises the existing slide content text amount, but the amount of text on the slides distracts from the message (55%)

Does not revise the existing slide content text amount (0%)

8

Slide Presentation: Speaker Notes

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and speaker notes are especially well suited for supporting the speaker in delivering the message (100%)

Revises excess slide text into speaker notes, shaping them into a tool that will support the speaker in delivering the message (85%)

Revises excess slide text into speaker notes, but speaker notes are not supportive to the speaker in delivering the message (55%)

Does not repurpose excess slide text into speaker notes (0%)

8

Slide Presentation: Transitions and

Graphics

Meets “Proficient” criteria, and slide transitions and graphics are especially well suited for conveying the message to the business audience (100%)

Incorporates slide transitions and

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7-2 Final Project Submission: Business Presentation IT 100

7-2 Final Project Submission: Business Presentation IT 100

Assignment

Task: Submit to complete this assignment

Submit your final business presentation. It should contain the following components:

· A business letter sharing your findings and requesting a follow-up meeting with stakeholders at the company in the given scenario, New Hampshire Business Products

· A spreadsheet that allows you to organize and manipulate the given sales data with basic calculation functions

· A slide presentation that helps you communicate your findings to your team at Business Consultants

Your submission should be a complete, polished artifact containing all of the critical elements of the final project. It should reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course. This should include feedback you received from your instructor on Milestones One and Two, and feedback you received from your peers on your presentation in Module Six. To complete this assignment, review the Final Project Guidelines and Rubric document.

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