Define the specified population for the class, e.g. what does vegan mean?

For this you will be researching dietary considerations and modifications for VEGANS.

  • Vegans

Your report your findings should address the following:

  • Define the specified population for the class, e.g. what does vegan mean?
  • Dietary modifications to abide by the lifestyle (for veganism and vegetarianism) or manage the disease (for renal disease, hypertension, osteopenia, osteoporosis, diabetes)
  • Nutritional deficiencies that can occur with the specified dietary practices or health problem
  • Other relevant dietary considerations for your population of interest
  • Are there supplements and/or medications that could be beneficial for this population? If so, explain their function and use.

Make sure you answer each of the above questions using your text and other credible sources. Cite your sources in APA style. Note that this is not a paper. You are free to copy and paste the above questions into the body of your assignment and to use lists and bullets for your responses. Just make sure to adequately explain yourself. 

 

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Infections of the Skin, Eyes, and Underlying Tissues

MICROBIOLOGY

Case Study a

  1. Infections of the Skin, Eyes, and Underlying Tissues

It was so exciting! Caitlyn was the only freshman girl selected for Varsity Singers, her high school’s touring show choir. Their summer “retreat” was a six-day mega-rehearsal to learn all of the choreography for their upcoming show season. Monday through Saturday the week before school resumed, the 28 performers danced from 8 A M to 8 P M in their un-air-conditioned gymnasium. Caitlyn didn’t particularly mind the hot, humid rehearsal conditions, but sweating profusely in dance leotards every day was really starting to aggravate the acne on her shoulders and back. After a special preliminary performance for their families on Saturday night, Caitlyn showered and dressed to go home. It was then she discovered a very large, angry “pimple” that rubbed uncomfortably on the back waistband of her jeans. By morning, it was raised and the size of a dime. Caitlyn’s mother washed the

affected area, cleansed it with hydrogen peroxide, and applied an antibiotic ointment, telling her they would call the doctor tomorrow if it didn’t improve.

  1. What possible infections might Caitlyn have?
  2. What microbes would normally cause these infections? Are these microorganisms normal skin flora, pathogens, or both? Explain.

Monday morning, the first day of school, Caitlyn’s back was sore. “A great way to start high school,” she thought. Caitlyn’s mother took her to the pediatrician’s office right after school. The PA examined her back and was alarmed to see a lesion almost two inches in diameter. It was tender to the touch with poorly demarcated margins. The region was raised, warm, and Erythematous (reddened) with several smaller red lines radiating outward.

  1. What is your diagnosis? Describe the nature of this condition.

After consulting with the pediatrician, Keflex was prescribed for Caitlyn. She was sent home with instructions to monitor the infection. If it was not obviously improved by the next day, she was to return for reevaluation.

  1. To what class of antibiotics does Keflex belong? How does this drug work? What group of microbes is especially susceptible to it?

On Tuesday morning, Caitlyn went immediately to see her pediatrician. The lesion was the size of an egg and quite sore. Caitlyn also presented with a temperature of 38.4°C (101.2°F). Motrin and compresses were advised as comfort measures. The Keflex was continued and the lesion cultured for laboratory

analysis. Again, she was told to return if she didn’t notice improvement. 

  1. How would you collect a specimen from Caitlyn’s lesion? Name several types of transport media commonly used. Why is it so important to appropriately transport a specimen to the microbiology laboratory?
  2. What media will likely be inoculated when this sample arrives in the laboratory? State your reason(s) for choosing the media you’ve indicated.
  3. In addition to media inoculation, what other procedure will be performed immediately using the specimen?

The preliminary Gram stain of the specimen showed many Gram-positive cocci in clusters. After 24 hours, the TSA with 5% sheep blood plate demonstrated pure growth of small, round, smooth, white, gamma-hemolytic colonies.  The same colony morphology was observed on the PEA (or CNA) plate with zero growth on the EMB (or MacConkey) plate. Colonies were also observed on the MSA plate, which was completely pink in color.

  1. What is meant by the term “pure growth”? What does it say regarding the quality of your specimen collection?
  2. Based upon these laboratory results, what microbe do you predict is causing Caitlyn’s infection? Explain. What two chemical tests would you perform next to verify your answer?

Colonies from the TSA plate were suspended in sterile saline and introduced into the Vitek II analyzer. It confirmed Staphylococcus epidermidis was the pathogen involved and indicated Keflex sensitivity.

HATS Off to MRSA b

They had toyed with the idea for years, and now, Jacob, Tony, and Tom had finally made their dream of a family business a reality. With Jacob’s computer expertise, Tom’s experience from his marketing internship, and Tony’s apprenticeship with a master painter, the three brothers were confident that “Color Your World Painters, Inc.” would be a successful business venture. After only six months, their Internet and local TV advertising had made them a household name in their community. Tony had to hire additional painters to handle their burgeoning workload. The brothers moved to a larger office, purchased improved equipment, and issued all employees uniforms and painter’s caps with their flashy new logo.

Business that summer was booming. The hot, sweaty paint crew worked from sun up to sun down every day. Upon returning to headquarters, they hung their caps on the wall, changed out their uniforms for street clothes, and collected nice fat paychecks. Jacob boasted smugly that things couldn’t be better…until one morning Tony didn’t show up for work. Annoyed, Jacob grabbed a uniform and Tony’s hat, got the painters organized, and took his brother’s place on the work crew while Tom tried to track down Tony. Tom’s second phone call reached his five-year-old niece, who was answering her mother’s cell phone. In a small and tearful voice, she told her uncle that they were at the hospital and daddy was

very sick because he had slime leaking out of his head. Confident that his niece’s imagination had run away with her, Tom reassured the little girl and told her he would be right there. Tom left a voicemail message on Jacob’s cell phone and headed to the hospital. When he met his sister-in-law, Julia, Tom was shocked to find his brother was in surgery. Stunned, Tom listened to Julia describe the events of the last few days. Out of embarrassment, Tony never mentioned to his brothers that he periodically suffered from boils around his hairline when working under hot, humid conditions. Two days ago, when Tony noticed the first few boils appear, he assumed it was just a recurrence of his seasonal problem. But, after 24 hours, Tony was becoming concerned. This was the worst case he had ever experienced. He had at least a dozen boils on the back of his neck and into his hairline. Despite his discomfort, Tony continued work without complaint, although he secretly blamed his problem on wearing the new company cap that made him sweat more around his hairline.

That evening, Tony showed Julia his neck and asked her to help him disinfect and bandage the area. His frightened wife pleaded with him to go to the emergency room, but Tony flatly refused. Number one, they didn’t have health insurance and he certainly did want to run up a bill. But number two, Tony was not about to be humiliated by going to the hospital for something so simple. In his mind, boils could hardly be considered life-threatening. Julia gently cleansed the area for her husband, counting 13 boils the size of a dime or larger. Tony winced in pain.

  1. What microbes commonly cause boils?
  2. What is another name for a boil?
  3. What is the incubation time for boil development?
  4. What factors are facilitating Tony’s problem?
  5. What at-home cleansing and treatment options would you have recommended Julia try?

line. Tony found it humorous that his “gooey zits” got quick attention at an ED known for its long wait times. Dr. Bergmann, an infectious disease physician, examined Tony, noting heat, extreme erythema, folliculitis, 15 boils ~1–2 cm in diameter, some draining copious amounts of pus, and numerous seeping  ulcerations. Dr. Bergmann applied a topical anesthetic before lancing several boils for culture. He ordered four sets of blood cultures drawn, started broad spectrum IV antibiotics, and immediately scheduled Tony for surgical debridement of his infection.

  1. Why did the doctor lance boil to collect a specimen for culture when many others were already draining pus?
  2. Why did Dr. Bergmann start Tony on antibiotics even though he didn’t know the microbe involved or its drug sensitivity?
  3. Why were blood cultures ordered?
  4. Why was Tony a candidate for immediate surgery?

Tom and Julia sat for about an hour in the waiting room before Dr. Bergmann arrived with an update on Tony’s condition. Preliminary Gram stain results from the lab confirmed Gram-positive clusters of cocci in Tony’s boils. Due to the extensive tissue damage, Dr. Bergmann confided to the family that he suspected community acquired-MRSA. Although Tony was “resting uncomfortably,” the surgical debridement of a 3.5 cm  10 cm area was a success. Tony would receive a three-week course of IV vancomycin before being permitted to return to work.

  1. What common skin microbes demonstrate this Gram morphology and staining?
  2. What does MRSA stand for?
  3. What is the difference between community acquired-MRSA and hospital acquired-MRSA?
  4. How does the resistance demonstrated by this organism differ from the resistance it typically shows to penicillin?
  5. Why is vancomycin a good treatment choice when penicillin and methicillin are ineffective?
  6. What complications are associated with IV vancomycin treatment?
  7. Tony’s infection progressed rapidly and resulted in substantial soft tissue damage. Why is MRSA able to cause this problem?
 

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recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems

This assignment addresses course outcomes 1-4:

recognize and explain how the scientific method is used to solve problems

make observations and discriminate between scientific and pseudoscientific explanations

weigh evidence and make decisions based on strengths and limitations of scientific knowledge and the scientific method

use knowledge of biological principles, the scientific method, and appropriate technologies to ask relevant questions, develop hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, interpret results, and draw conclusions

  1. Select one of the topics listed below (a-e).
  2. Find at least three reliable information sources related to your chosen topic. You are encouraged to use the UMUC library in your search: http://libguides.umuc.edu/science.
  3. Write a paper with title page, introduction, several paragraphs addressing the questions, conclusion and references. You must write in your own words and paraphrase information from the selected information sources, addressing each of the questions for your chosen topic. Your paper should consist of less than 10% direct quotes. Your paper should be 750-1500 words, excluding references and title page. Use APA style for references: https://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm
  4. Submit your assignment to the Assignment folder by the due date listed in the course schedule.

Topics (select one)

a) Stem cells. Your friend has suffered a spinal cord injury after a bad car accident. The medical team has decided that he is a good candidate for a clinical trial using stem cell therapy. Your friend has not had a biology course since high school, so you decide to write him a letter sharing your knowledge of stem cells. Include in your letter a description of the biology of stem cells and how these cells are unique from other cells. Contrast the different types of stem cells, including pros and cons for each type. Explain how stems cells can be used to treat diseases and injury, with special focus on spinal cord injuries. Include information from at least one research study or clinical trial. Conclude with your own opinion.

b) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs). A friend tells you that she avoids foods containing GMOs because they are unhealthy. You decide to use the knowledge gained from your biology class and some additional research to form your own opinion on GMOs. Answer the following questions backed up by reliable information sources. What is the purpose of genetically engineering of crop plants? Include at least two specific examples of commonly grown GMO crops. How are GMOs created? Use the provided course materials and make a connection to the central dogma of molecular biology in your explanation. Which foods in your supermarket contain GMOs? Are foods that contain GMOs safe for human consumption? What types of regulations exist for these foods? Clearly explain your reasoning for each answer in your paper and conclude whether or not you agree with your friend.

c) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) has been the most recent breakthrough discovery in bioengineering that enables scientists to edit DNA. Because you have studied biology in this course, you have volunteered at your niece’s Middle School Science Club to monitor a student debate about CRISPR. The students will be watching the following video before the discussion:https://www.com/watch?time_continue=252&v=2pp17E4E-O8and you need to be prepared in case there are any questions. Please research and write an answer to each of the following questions: What is “CRISPR”? What role does Cas9 play in the CRISPR process? How does the CRISPR-Cas9 system snip and replace any DNA sequence? What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of gene editing? Include specific examples. Do you believe that the inherent risks of modifying animal DNA is worth the rewards? Explain. Do you believe that it is ethical to genetically engineer humans and/or animals? Explain.

d) Vaccines. Your friend is worried about the many vaccines that his newborn son is scheduled to receive and asks you for advice since you are taking a biology course. Start with an explanation of how vaccines work. Briefly contrast the traditional methods used to create vaccines with more recently used biotechnology techniques. Then list some of the diseases that babies and children in the US are routinely vaccinated against. How has vaccinations impacted the frequency of these diseases over the past 100 years? Why are some people worried about giving their children vaccines? Is there scientific evidence to support these concerns? Conclude with advice to your friend in regard to getting the recommended vaccines based on what you learned from reliable information sources.

e) Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) and tar sands (oil sands). With society’s dependence on nonrenewable fossil fuels, the oil & gas industry is turning to hydraulic fracturing and tar (oil) sands to extract natural gas and oil. A friend asks you “What’s all this controversy in the news about fracking and tar sands?” Briefly explain to your friend how hydraulic fracturing and tar (oil) sands are used to obtain these fossil fuels. Then, in more detail, describe the environmental problems that may result from these processes and why they are controversial. Issues that should be addressed involves water, air and soil pollution with special focus on global climate change, effects on human health, and effects on other species and natural ecosystems. Finally, give your opinions on possible solutions to these environmental problems, with your reasoning backed by information from reliable information sources.

 

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Cognitive Growth: Information Processing

Ch. 6 Cognitive Growth: Information Processing

Study Questions: (10 points) – Write responses to each of the following questions. Write the responses in your own words, do not copy and paste from your textbook, or another source. Cite a reference for the information provided for each question. Include a reference list.

Rubric

· Responses to questions are accurate. – 5 points

· Each question has a reference citation in APA format; reference list is included/accurate. – 2 points.

· Responses are written in student’s voice. – 3 points.

­­­­­­­­1. Describe the information processing model.

Description:

2. Define the following terms:

Encoding

Definition:

Storage

Definition:

Retrieval

Definition:

Automatization

Definition:

3. The information processing theory includes a three-system approach for taking in and remembering information.  What happens in each of those three systems (sensory store, short-term memory, long-term memory)?

4. Define the following terms:

Rehearsal

Definition:

Working memory

Definition:

Infantile amnesia

Definition:

Autobiographical memory

Definition:

Scripts

Definition:

Metamemory

Definition:

Critical thinking

Definition:

Information processing

Definition:

Transference

Definition:

5. Being able to pay attention is an important aspect of information processing.  Define the following:

Attention

Definition:

Control of Attention

Definition:

Planning

Definition:

6.  How does memory change over the stages of childhood (infants/toddlers; preschoolers; middle childhood; adolescence)?

7. When applying information processing to real world situations, we often relate it to classroom teaching, and how we teach young children to read.  Briefly describe:

Code-based approaches

Description:

Whole-language approaches

Description:

 

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Genetically modified organisms

1. Select one of the topics listed below (a-e).

2. Find at least three reliable information sources related to your chosen topic. You are encouraged to use the UMUC library in your search: http://libguides.umuc.edu/science.

3. Write a paper with title page, introduction, several paragraphs addressing the questions, conclusion and references. Remember academic integrity is of utmost importance…if you get information from a source, you MUST cite the source (even if you paraphrase)!!!  You must write in your own words and paraphrase information from the selected information sources, addressing each of the questions for your chosen topic. Your paper should consist of less than 10% direct quotes. Your paper should be 750-1500 words, excluding references and title page. Use APA style for references: https://www.umuc.edu/library/libhow/apa_tutorial.cfm

4. Submit your assignment to the Assignment folder by the due date listed in the course schedule.

a) Stem cells. Your friend has suffered a spinal cord injury after a bad car accident. The medical team has decided that he is a good candidate for a clinical trial using stem cell therapy. Your friend has not had a biology course since high school, so you decide to write him a letter sharing your knowledge of stem cells. Include in your letter a description of the biology of stem cells and how these cells are unique from other cells. Contrast the different types of stem cells, including pros and cons for each type. Explain how stems cells can be used to treat diseases and injury, with special focus on spinal cord injuries. Include information from at least one research study or clinical trial. Conclude with your own opinion. 

b) Genetically modified organisms (GMOs). A friend tells you that she avoids foods containing GMOs because they are unhealthy. You decide to use the knowledge gained from your biology class and some additional research to form your own opinion on GMOs. Answer the following questions backed up by reliable information sources. What is the purpose of genetically engineering of crop plants? Include at least two specific examples of commonly grown GMO crops. How are GMOs created? Use the provided course materials and make a connection to the central dogma of molecular biology in your explanation. Which foods in your supermarket contain GMOs? Are foods that contain GMOs safe for human consumption? What types of regulations exist for these foods? Clearly explain your reasoning for each answer in your paper and conclude whether or not you agree with your friend. 

c) Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) has been the most recent breakthrough discovery in bioengineering that enables scientists to edit DNA. Because you have studied biology in this course, you have volunteered at your niece’s Middle School Science Club to monitor a student debate about CRISPR. The students will be watching the following video before the discussion: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=252&v=2pp17E4E-O8 and you need to be prepared in case there are any questions. Please research and write an answer to each of the following questions: What is “CRISPR”? What role does Cas9 play in the CRISPR process? How does the CRISPR-Cas9 system snip and replace any DNA sequence? What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of gene editing? Include specific examples. Do you believe that the inherent risks of modifying animal DNA is worth the rewards? Explain. Do you believe that it is ethical to genetically engineer humans and/or animals? Explain.

d) Vaccines. Your friend is worried about the many vaccines that his newborn son is scheduled to receive and asks you for advice since you are taking a biology course. Start with an explanation of how vaccines work. Briefly contrast the traditional methods used to create vaccines with more recently used biotechnology techniques. Then list some of the diseases that babies and children in the US are routinely vaccinated against. How has vaccinations impacted the frequency of these diseases over the past 100 years? Why are some people worried about giving their children vaccines? Is there scientific evidence to support these concerns? Conclude with advice to your friend in regard to getting the recommended vaccines based on what you learned from reliable information sources. 

e) Fracking (hydraulic fracturing) and tar sands (oil sands).  With society’s dependence on nonrenewable fossil fuels, the oil & gas industry is turning to hydraulic fracturing and tar (oil) sands to extract natural gas and oil.  A friend asks you “What’s all this controversy in the news about fracking and tar sands?”  Briefly explain to your friend how hydraulic fracturing and tar (oil) sands are used to obtain these fossil fuels. Then, in more detail, describe the environmental problems that may result from these processes and why they are controversial. Issues that should be addressed involves water, air and soil pollution with special focus on global climate change, effects on human health, and effects on other species and natural ecosystems. Finally, give your opinions on possible solutions to these environmental problems, with your reasoning backed by information from reliable information sources.

 

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Evaluate the value of assigning appropriate brand identities to represent health care goods, services, and institutions.

HSA 505 WEEK 3 DISCUSSION NEW

DISCUSSION 1

Please respond to the following: “Brand Design Model”

• Evaluate the value of assigning appropriate brand identities to represent health care goods, services, and institutions. Provide support for your rationale.

• Assess the value of Calder and Reagan’s Brand Design Model as a device for systematically guiding health care marketers through the process of formulating brands. Explain one (1) reason why a SWOT analysis is needed to help health care organizations understand competitor brands. Provide two (2) examples from a health care organization with which you are familiar that support the value of Calder and Reagan’s Brand Design Model.

DISCUSSION 2

Explain the fundamental reasons why brands do not exist in isolation but do exist in larger environments that include other brands. Provide two (2) specific recommendations or solutions that can help a health care facility improve patient satisfaction 

Assess the value of Lederer and Hill’s Brand Portfolio Molecule when used to understand brand relationships. Provide at least two (2) specific examples of strategic or tactical initiatives within a health care organization.

NOTE: THREE DIFFERENT ANSWER POSTED CHOOSE ANYONE

 

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Lateral Marketing Strategy”

DISCUSSION 1
 

Please respond to the following: “Brand Stretch Spectrum and Market Product Grid”
• Assess the importance of evaluating newly developed health care  products in order to determine whether the products should carry  existing brand names or whether they should be assigned new brand names.  Suggest realistic branding strategies needed for marketers to evaluate  newly developed health care products or services. Provide support for  your rationale.
• Use the Internet to research the product offerings of a local health  care organization. (Note:These offerings are often found on the health  care organizations homepage.) Based on your knowledge of your local  region, consider the potential markets for these products. With the  grid, you should, at a minimum, analyze the resulting market-product  combination. Determine whether or not the product offerings that you  selected are consistent with the perceived selections of the given  health care entity. Explain your rationale.
 

DISCUSSION 2
 

Please respond to the following: “Lateral Marketing Strategy”
•Assess the value of target marketing as an effective health care  marketing strategy. Appraise the degree to which vertical and  traditional segmentation help marketing managers use target marketing  strategies. Support your rationale with at least two (2) specific  examples of target marketing within a health care organization with  which you are familiar.
•Evaluate the impact of lateral segmentation in encouraging marketing  managers to look broadly at markets in order to identify previously  overlooked opportunities. Provide at least one (1) specific example of  quality initiatives within a health care organization.
 

 

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Explain the need for developing strategic alternatives and why strategic alternatives are important for a successful organization.

In the Module Two journal, you discussed external forces that could impact an organization’s strategic plan. After reflecting on your Module Two journal assignment, discuss why developing alternative strategic plans is important in order to meet the policy changes in the healthcare environment. In your paper, address the following:

  1. Explain the need for developing strategic alternatives and why strategic alternatives are important for a successful organization. Use scholarly and peer-reviewed sources to support your explanation.
  2. Examine industry policy changes and the need to develop a flexible strategic plan, specifically, how the source of the policy (such as federally mandated changes, industry best practices, or state requirements) impacts the need to develop a flexible strategic plan. Use appropriate sources to support your claims.
  3. Make strategic alternative recommendationsfor the healthcare organization in your case study. Be sure these recommendations address the specific policy issue changes faced by the healthcare organization.
 

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Why do you think it is important to identify a bacterial disease in a patient before prescribing any antibiotic treatments?

1. Do a search online 1-2 antibiotics that affect Gram-positive bacteria and list them. On what part of the cell do the antibiotics usually work? List one or two antibiotics that affect Gram-negative bacteria? On what part of the cell do the antibiotics usually work? (Be sure to cite your sources in your answer.) (5 points)

2. Why do you think it is important to identify a bacterial disease in a patient before prescribing any antibiotic treatments? (Be specific.) (5 points)

3.   What are some of the limitations of simple staining? (5 points)

4.   Give an example of a situation in a lab or medical setting in which simple staining would be utilized. (5 points)

5.   So far in this lab, you have used one type of simple stain(Crystal violet) and one type of negative stain (Nigrosin), yet there are many other simple and negative dyes available. Pick one simple dye and one negative dye, and discuss how those dyes differ from the ones you used in this lab. Give a scenario in which their use would be appropriate. (5 points)

6. Using either a textbook or a reputable online resource, research some of the typical characteristics of bacteria, and discuss why it might be important for a researcher or a hospital technician to be able to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. (5 points)

 

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