We all make everyday choices which impact the amount of carbon dioxide which enters our atmosphere. Driving cars, using energy in our houses, buying local products or products which travel great distances are just some of these choices. In this project, you will determine your contributions to atmospheric carbon dioxide. We will also collect and evaluate survey data for other students on the Auraria campus. We will be discussing the Greenhouse Effect later in the semester. You may want to watch that lecture early to get some perspective for this project. 

If you have any questions about this assignment, please contact your lab instructor. They can also review your assignment before you submit it!

DIRECTIONS

A. Go to this survey and complete it for yourself: https://drive.google.com/open?id=1q5bTQaDJoHgQsHFRB-cU-Tjb20rxciGusobiwQBASq8 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. 

B. Send this google survey to 5-10 students on the Auraria campus (they cannot be enrolled in this class). You can email it to classmates in another class via Canvas but you need to request permission from your instructors or you can just email it individually to some of your friends. 

C. Create a hypothesis that you will test using the campus survey data. Think about the questions in the survey and your expectations about how students on the campus will respond and the relationships between multiple questions. The survey was given last semester also so there will be data from a previous semester as well. I recommend keeping your hypothesis pretty simple by only choosing one independent variable and a clear cutoff. 

In this Discussion, you will claim your topics for this project and work on ensuring your hypothesis is appropriate. No one in the class can do the same hypothesis and topics will be awarded on a first-come-first-serve basis, so post yours early! Make sure to check the previous posts before posting yours to ensure it is not already taken. The Carbon Footprint Results assignment will not be graded if you did not have your hypothesis approved. I am having you post in the Discussion so you can learn from others so take advantage of being able to review your classmate’s work. 

By Wednesday, you can receive 5pts for posting a potential hypothesis (late postings will receive a zero out of these 5 points). Your lab instructor will then respond to your post to let you know whether you need more work on it or not. If not, your instructor will approve your hypothesis and you will receive the other 5pts for this assignment. If your first attempt at a hypothesis needs work, your instructor will provide feedback. You will work back and forth with your instructor on this until you have an approved hypothesis by Sunday night. Be sure to check in often here to make sure you have time to modify your hypothesis as needed. Feel free to make an online conference or on-campus appointment with your TA if you would like to chat about your topic. 

Include in your Discussion post: 

1. One clear hypothesis that is testable using the data collected in the survey.
2. Identification of independent and dependent variable.
3. List at least two constants and two confounders for your experiment.
4. If there is a control in the experiment, list it.

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In lab you are exploring two enzymes, catalase that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, and amylase that aids in starch digestion. These are two examples of the many enzymes found inside our bodies.

Enzymes are also used in many of the products we use! Check your cleaning supplies at home, do any of them list enzymes on the ingredient list? If so, does it say which type of enzyme? Any other products you use contain enzymes? What type of enzymes are used in industry? Which enzymes are found in the food we eat?   

After doing some research, choose and describe one enzyme that is used in cleaning products, other products, industrial procedures or that is found in food. Explain how this enzyme is used. What is the substrate in the chemical reaction? And what is the product(s)?

Remember that a chemical reaction converts one or more substrates to one or more products, and that most enzymes are substrate specific. When looking for enzymes remember that their names end with -ase!

You main response should be at least 150 words and include references to all information sources used.

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Prompt

With increased emphasis on fieldwork and survey in paleoanthropology, we have seen a significant increase in fossil finds over the last several decades, including a new species not discussed in lecture (but included in your textbook, Ch. 10:303-304). These discoveries were made at the sites of Burtele and Wayteleyta in Woranso-Mille (central Afar region), Ethiopia and include a 3.4 Ma partial foot and 3.3 – 3.5 Ma craniodental remains of a new species of australopith, Australopithecus deyiremeda. These remains are from deposits that are slightly earlier that those associated with Australopithecus afarensis.

Here are two blogs about these recent discoveries:

Australopithecus deyiremeda: New human ancestor in Ethiopia (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Science 2.0

Burtele hominin – New kid on the evolution block (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Science 2.0

Here is a ‘News & Views’ summary of the new finds published in Nature in the same issue that published the peer-reviewed paper announcing the new species:

Spoor, F. (2015) Palaeoanthropology: The middle Pliocene gets crowded (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Nature 521:432-433.

Here are the original peer-reviewed papers, if interested:

Haile-Selassie, J. et al. (2012) A new hominin foot from Ethiopia shows multiple Pliocene bipedal adaptations (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Nature 483:565-569.

Haile-Selassie, J. et al. (2015) New species from Ethiopia further expands Middle Pliocene hominin diversity (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. Nature 483:565-569.

As you explore the required websites for this (and later modules), the Smithsonian’s website ‘What does it mean to be human?’ includes a number of excellent reviews on current topics in the field. One page entitled ‘Climate Effects on Human Evolution (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.’ highlights the work of Rick Potts, who argues for environmental instability as a catalyst for hominin evolution. The first half of this page focuses on his ‘Variability Selection Hypothesis’ and his arguments for the evolution of the genus Homo. Similar arguments can be made for the increased diversity of fossil hominins in the Pliocene epoch (5.3 – 2.6 Ma) as exemplified by myriad australopith species that have been recovered in deposits associated with the East African Rift Valley (e.g., Kenyanthropus not included in your text, and the new species Australopithecus deyiremeda discussed above).

For this week’s discussion, consider the merit of the Variability Selection Hypothesis as a means to evaluate the diverse Pliocene hominin fossil record of East Africa. As indicated on the Oxygen isotope curve figure on this webpage, there is an arrow with the text ‘Increased climatic fluctuation, environmental uncertainty’ at this point in time that coincides with the dates for these new fossil discoveries.

How are the East African gracile australopiths different from each other? How might the Variability Selection Hypothesis be tested against new fossil finds, and what is the potential role of climate in this process (hint ‘directional selection’ Ch. 4:105-107)?

Directions

Your responses should be no more than a paragraph or two. Be sure to respond to another student’s post. Have your initial response done by the due date and your response done before the close date (two days after due date).

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Please use the article: Measles Outbreak — California, December 2014–February 2015         

Link to Article: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6406a5.htm?s_cid=mm6406a5_w

Prompt: In a journal assignment, discuss the laws, policies, and regulations that impact public health mitigation strategies or that must be considered. Be sure to include the following critical elements: 

Explain the specific public health laws, policies, and regulations related to the programs that combat the identified pathogen. 

Assess the impact of the identified public health laws, policies, and regulations on the public health programs in place to combat the specific pathogen. What steps do the programs take to ensure they are meeting the specific regulations?  

Guidelines for Submission: Submit assignment as a Word document with double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. Your entry must be 1-2 pages with at least 2 citations in APA format.

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