Gender Issues in Leadership
Leadership in Organizational Settings
McShane/Von Glinow M:OB 3e
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Leadership Defined
Leadership is the ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness of the organizations of which they are members
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Courtesy of Microsoft
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Shared Leadership
The view that leadership is a role, not a position assigned to one person
Employees lead each other – e.g., champion ideas
Shared leadership flourishes where:
Formal leaders are willing to delegate power
Collaborative (not competitive) culture
Employees develop effective influence skills
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Transformational Leadership Model
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Features of a Strategic Vision
Vision is a positive image or model of the future that energizes and unifies employees.
Features of an effective vision
Linked to personal values and stakeholder need fulfillment
Challenging objective
Abstract future state
future hasn’t yet been experienced
enables vision to remain stable over time
A unifying ideal
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Transformational Leadership Elements
- Develop/Communicate the vision
Frame the vision
Communicate the vision with sincerity and passion
Use symbols, metaphors, symbols
- Model the vision
Enact the vision (“walk the talk”)
Symbolize and demonstrate the vision through their own behavior
Builds employee trust in the leader
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Transformational Leadership Elements
- Encourage experimentation
Encourage questioning current practices
Encourage discovering/trying out new practices (learning orientation)
- Build commitment to the vision
Communicating/modeling: commitment through positive emotions and trust in leader
Experimentation: commitment through involvement
Also through rewards, recognition, celebrations
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Evaluating Transformational Leadership
Transformational leadership is important
Higher satisfaction, performance, OCBs, creativity
Transformational leadership limitations
Circular logic
Mixed models (behavior with personal traits)
Universal theory
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Managerial Leadership
Daily activities that support/guide employees and work unit performance/well-being towards current objectives/practices
Managerial leadership differs from transformational leadership
Assumes stable environment (vs dynamic)
Micro-focused (vs macro-focused)
Transformational and managerial leadership are interdependent
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Task vs People Leadership Styles
Task-oriented behaviors
Assign work, clarify responsibilities
Set goals/deadlines, provide feedback
Establish procedures, plan future work
People-oriented behaviors
Concern for employee needs
Make workplace pleasant
Recognize employee contributions
Listen to employees
Both styles necessary, but different effects
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Servant Leadership
Leaders serve followers toward their need fulfillment, development, growth
Described as selfless, egalitarian, humble, nurturing, empathetic, and ethical coaches
Servant leader characteristics:
Natural calling to serve others
Humble, egalitarian, accepting relationship
Ethical decisions and actions
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Path-Goal Leadership
Influence employee expectations so they achieving desired performance and satisfaction with performance outcomes
Best leader style depends on employee and situation
Four main path goal leadership styles
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Path-Goal Leadership Model
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Path-Goal Contingencies
Skill and experience
Low: directive and supportive leadership
Locus of control
Internal: participative and achievement leadership
External: directive and supportive leadership
Task structure
Nonroutine: directive and/or participative leadership
Team dynamics
Low cohesion: supportive leadership
Dysfunctional norms: directive leadership
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Other Managerial Leadership Theories
Situational Leadership Model
Four styles: telling, selling, participating, delegating
Best style depends on follower ability/motivation
Popular model, but lacks research support
Fiedler’s Contingency Model
Leadership style is stable — based on personality
Best style depends on situational control (power)
Theory has problems, but uniquely points out that leaders have a preferred style, not very flexible
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Leadership Substitutes
Contingencies that limit a leader’s influence or make a particular leadership style unnecessary
Example 1: Training and experience reduce need for task-oriented leadership
Example 2: Team cohesion reduces need for supportive leadership
Research evidence
Substitutes help, but don’t completely substitute for real leadership
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Implicit Leadership Perspective
Follower perceptions of characteristics of effective leaders
Leadership prototypes
Preconceived beliefs about the features and behaviors of effective leaders.
Favorable evaluation to leaders who fit the prototype
Romance of leadership effect
Amplify leader’s perceived effect on firm’s success
Due to need to simplify explanations
Due to need for situational control
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Self-concept
Leadership Motivation
Complex, consistent, clear self-view
Positive self-evaluation
Motivation to lead others
High need for socialized power
Drive
Inner motivation to pursue goals
Inquisitiveness, action-oriented
Personality
Extroversion, conscientiousness (and other personality dimensions)
Personal Attributes of Leadership
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Cognitive/ Practical intelligence
Above average cognitive ability
Able to solve real-world problems
Knowledge of the Business
Understands organization’s environment
Personal Attributes of Leadership
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Integrity
Truthfulness
Consistency in words and actions
Emotional Intelligence
Recognizing and regulating emotions in self and others
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Authentic Leadership
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Authentic leaders are aware of, feel comfortable with, and act consistently with their values, personality, and self-concept
Limitations of the Leader Attributes Perspective
Universal approach
Views leadership within person, but leadership is relational
Attributes indicate leadership potential, not performance
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Cultural Issues in Leadership
Societal cultural values and practices:
Shape leader’s values/norms
Influence leader’s decisions and actions
Shape follower prototype of effective leaders
Some leadership styles are universal, others differ across cultures
“Charismatic visionary” seems to be universal
Participative leadership works better in some cultures than others
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Gender Issues in Leadership
Male/female leaders have similar task- and people-oriented leadership
Female leaders use more participative leadership
Women rated higher on emerging leadership styles
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Leadership in Organizational Settings
McShane/Von Glinow M:OB 3e
© 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
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