This Research Paper asks you to gather and critically analyze information on a specific topic. There is a difference between reporting and analyzing. Reporting is the organization and presentation of information. Analyzing is the extracting and discussing meaningful insights (understanding the implications) from reputable sources of information. In other words, reporting tells you what it is, while analysis tells you what it means.

Do not plagiarize any information in your paper. 

Read the Plagiarism.org website information to understand what is plagiarism and what is not: http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-is-plagiarism/  Use in-text citations to identify the source of any brief quotes from source(s) and any information that is not common knowledge.

IMPORTANT: Every student must write his or her own, original essay based on their individual understanding of the topic and written specifically for this class. Do not copy from any source, including the article(s) under reference. Plagiarized papers will receive a grade of “0”. There are no “do-overs” in my class once a paper has been submitted.

The topic for this research paper is an overview of human evolution over the past two million years. In other words, when and how did we become “human”? Analyze the current scientific research regarding this topic and write a clear, original paper on your observations and conclusions.

1) Introduce and define the focus of your analysis in a concise thesis statement that is located at the end of your first paragraph. A thesis statement tells the reader what the paper is about.

2) Discuss physical aspects of hominin evolution over time (what changed and when) and cultural aspects of hominin development (what and when: changes in stone tools, social group behaviors/interactions, evidence of symbolic representations, etc.). When did hominins become fully “human”, in your opinion? What is your supporting evidence for your position?

4) Compare/contrast and analyze the views of researchers by investigating at least three different sources (more sources are recommended). You may use links in the class power points to provide some of the sources for your paper, if you like.

5) Recap and conclude. Your conclusion must include a restatement of your thesis and encapsulate clearly your analysis of this topic.

REQUIREMENTS:

Type your name, topic and due date for this assignment in the top left corner of your paper. 

Minimum at least three full pages of text. 3½ to 4 pages is an appropriate length for this assignment. Double-spaced, one-inch margins (check your left and right margins), typed in English, 12-point font. 

Include a full source page at the end of your report. Write complete source citations in APA format: author(s) name(s), title of article or book, year of publication, name of journal, magazine, book or website where the article was published, volume, issue and page numbers of publication for every source of information that you used to write this report (three source minimum). This includes websites!

Grading Rubric

This assignment is worth 30 points: 25 points for content and 5 points for correctly written source page. I am looking for a well written, original and concise analysis of current information on this topic, as well as a properly constructed reference page that contains all sources of information used in this paper

Excellent work (score 27-30):

Demonstrates thorough understanding of the topic through specific, detailed discussion, comparison and contrast.

Analysis includes thorough discussion of topics noted in the assignment prompt.

Conclusion is comprehensive and concise.

Good work (score 24-26):

Demonstrates moderate understanding of the topic through discussion, comparison and contrast but lacks sufficient detail.

Analysis includes discussion of the topics, but skewed towards the student’s point of view (did not analyze the topics, just answered the questions).

Conclusion is adequate but not thorough.

Adequate work (score 21-23):

Demonstrates some understanding of the topic but lacks sufficient discussion and details.

Analysis includes some discussion of the topics but lacks details and/or insufficient understanding of research information.

Able to draw generic conclusion.

Inadequate work (score 18-20):

Demonstrates some understanding of the topic, but little effort was made to complete this assignment.

Opinion outweighs analysis, little demonstration of having learned anything about the topic.

Not acceptable work (score 17 or below):

Did not understand the assignment.

 

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Nursing Theory / Case Study You as the advanced practice nurse are working in a community health center. Your next patient is Mrs. Richards,  a 39 year-old Caucasian female, presenting to the clinic with a history of Hypothyroidism, Depression, and recent history of Substance Abuse (Heroine Use). During the initial interview, it is revealed that her husband and two children were killed in a traffic accident 8 months ago and she reports using illicit drugs since their death. Based on your knowledge of the Health Promotion Model, make a chart and/or diagram that outlines all components of the theory and how the theory can be applied to this case study to formulate a plan of care for this patient. Also, list one scholarly, practice-based resource (article and/or clinical guideline) that supports the application of the Health Promotion Model in clinical practice.http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/pender-health-promotion-model.php  

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II. Audit procedures for Expenditures1. Select a sample of entries in the cash disbursements journal and compare with related voucher packages.2. Select a sample of voucher packages and verify proper cancellation.3. Select a sample of voucher packages, and identify those for which no cash disbursement exists.4. Select a sample of cash payments made after year-end, and identify those for which there is no related purchase order.5. Select a sample of cash payments made before year-end and identify those for which there is no related purchase order.6. Select a sample of cash payments made after year-end and identify those for which there is no related year-end payable.7. Select a sample of cash payments made before year-end, and identify those for which there is no related payable.Objectives

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Please answer original forum with a minimum of 250 words 

respond  student with a minimum of 100 words separately 

please follow directions or I will dispute 

original forum

Methods to preserve our foods has been a problem of mankind since we settled into groups and began to store our foods to eat at later times. As we stored our food to eat later, mankind often came back to collect his food only to find that microbes, which are ever-present, had already eaten it.  

We know about expiration dates on foods and by now in the class, we understand that with microbes, it is a race between how fast one species grows against another. We eat the food before the microbes grow beyond a certain point (spoil the food with their waste by-products).  

Some foods store for longer than others and depending on natural and some less than natural processes, we can extend the amount of time a food can be kept before microbes will take over and spoil the product. Keeping produce fresh for long periods of time has been a problem since one cannot treat fresh fruits and vegetables without altering the taste and texture.  

A new and somewhat controversial method of food preservation, particularly produce, is gamma irradiation. This method uses high energy gamma radiation to treat food and has shown great promise in extending the shelf-life. Gamma irradiation is approved for use and does not show any ill effect on the produce itself.  

Proponents of gamma irradiation claim that the method is safe, extends shelf life, and leaves no residue or otherwise dangerous chemicals on produce. Opponents argue the use of gamma irradiation is not safe, the facilities where produce is treated is not the proper place for this type of radiation to be released and exposure of the workers is likely.  

Review Chapters 8 and 12 of your textbook on Microbial Metabolism and Modern Applications  

Review these facts from the FDA on Food Irradiation

In this forum, choose a side; pro or con for gamma irradiated food. Choose to defend the use of gamma radiation as safe to use and safe to consume foods. OR, choose to oppose the use and consumption of foods treated in this manner.

Topic 1: Pro Gamma Irradiation of Food

Topic 2: Against Gamma Irradiation of Food

Address the following questions;  

-Would you eat gamma-irradiated strawberries?  

-Gamma-irradiation does extend the shelf-life but after some time, mold does begin to grow. Where does the mold come from? 

-Was the mold already present on the strawberries and the growth slowed by the gamma irradiation?  

-If gamma irradiation becomes the standard for processing produce, over time will the constant radiation exposure select for resistant strains of microbes that will eventually be able to grow despite gamma radiation? Why or why not?

-What about agricultural workers safety? Who is looking out for the women and men responsible for gamma irradiation of produce?

________________________________

Student Response

kyle 

I am against gamma irradiation for foods even if it prolongs the shelf life of the food. We have so many altered and genetically modified food in our grocery stores it seems like gamma irradiation is the next step for food to become less natural and more modified. While it slows down the process of spoiling it also makes the food less nutritious. It kills the bad bacteria but also damages the fruit or vegetable as a whole. It’s like putting hydrogen peroxide on a wound. You may think it’s doing a good job by killing all the bacteria in your wound but it’s also killing all the good bacteria helping to fight against infection. So no, I will not eat a gamma-irradiated strawberry. Mold can still be present in the food because the radiation only kills most of the bacteria. After a while, the bacteria that wasn’t killed begins to grow and causes the food to spoil and rot. Gamma irradiation is supposed to kill the bacteria so if mold had begun to grow it would just stop it in whatever stage it was in. In the long run, a lot of scientists fear that the more gamma irradiation is done that the bacteria will begin to morph. Just like superbugs that we talked about a few weeks ago. The more you try to stop something the more chances it has at evolving and becoming resistant to the irradiation. Another large concern is the workers. Prolonged studies will have to be done to see if overexposure caused any damage, but it seems like an easy fix to just not be exposed. There is a long history of people being exposed to things that “experts” said was not harmful and ended up giving them cancer. It seems like an easy fix to just eat our food fresh and if we can’t then find food that has a longer shelf life without modifying it.

Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.). Consumers – Food Irradiation: What You Need to Know. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/food/resourcesforyou/consumers/ucm261680.htm

Christy

It’s good to look at both sides of this topic. Most of us have been consuming gamma irradiated foods and may not realize it. This type of food preservation technique has been in used widespread for more than fifty years. The good thing is that gamma irradiation is considered safe for the food it treats since it’s only the energy from the radiation that is treating the microbial growth and not the source of the radiation itself. For those who are proponents, they point out that it’s a cleaner-type of treatment for delicate produce since it’s likely been less-treated with other chemical inhibitors after gamma irradiation because it does not need further treatment.

Many are concerned about what’s on what they eat and are concerned that gamma radiation alters nutrient content (Maraei and Khaled, 2017). Presumably, gamma irradiated produce should be cleaner in terms of fewer pesticides. Would there be a way to test this to see if gamma irradiated produce has fewer chemicals than non-gamma irradiated produce?  

Enjoy your day, Dr. Franklin

 

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