Assignment 3: Social and Ethical Implications Due in week 7 and worth 80 points Continuing on your research from Weeks 3 and 5. Provide an analysis of the social and ethical implications of your chosen biotechnology. Strive for an even-handed honest-broker approach in which you carefully analyze the possible benefits of the technology, as well as any possible drawbacks. For now, hold back on disclosing your point of view (you’ll get a chance to express your opinion in the final paper in Week 9). For both benefits and drawbacks, state whether these are based on actual evidence, or based on speculation about possibilities. Consider the possible biases of both proponents and critics, if appropriate. Finally, address whether there any special ethical considerations that go beyond simply looking at the risks and benefits. This assignment should be at least one page of double-spaced text (about 300 words) but not much more than two pages of double-spaced text (about 600 words). As always, think of the expected length as a proxy for how much to cover and how much detail to go into. In addition to your general remarks, you will need to go into depth on several issues to meet the expected length. Describe your points in a clear manner, and support them with explanations, examples, and discussions. Hint: Merely providing a list of issues will not be sufficient for a good grade. You need to describe the issues fully, and support them. Do not copy any bulleted lists from your sources. You must have a reference section which contains an SWS reference to your chosen article and all other sources. Additionally, you must provide in-text citations (in SWS format) to your references in the body of the text. Integrate all sources into your paper using proper techniques of quoting, paraphrasing and summarizing, along with your in-text citations. Double-space your paper. Use standard margins and fonts. Also, follow any additional formatting instructions provided by your instructor. Objectives evaluated by this assessment: 1. Categorize a wide range of organisms, from single-celled to multi-celled organisms. 2. Describe how organisms acquire and utilize both energy and material. 3. Describe the cell cycle, cell reproduction, and control. 4. Investigate DNA and gene expression as well as technologies based on our understanding of them. 5. Discuss interactions between organisms in ecosystems.

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Assignment 1 is the first phase of a project that you will complete, in stages, during the term. You will begin by selecting a specific biotechnology that you would like to cover through the entire project. It can be an established technology, such as genetically-modified crops, or an emerging technology, such as CRISPR. The choice of biotechnology is up to you, but consider selecting something that relates to your major, career, or personal interests. 

CRJ students might consider an established or an emerging biotechnology for crime scene investigation. BUS students might consider a technology that will provide an opportunity to explore bringing new biotech products and services to market or the ethical considerations around marketing biotech to consumers. 

Choose one magazine or newspaper article that covers the specific technology that you will use throughout the project. It must be a recent article (no more than four years old). For instance, if you choose genetically-modified crops as your biotechnology, then you would need to select one recent article about genetically-modified crops for this assignment.

Some biotechnologies that you may want to consider include:

• CRISPR
• Emerging forensic uses of DNA (such as facial prediction)
• Databases for DNA fingerprinting

Write a one to two (1–2) page paper in which you:

1. Summarize the article in one (1) or more paragraphs, using your own words. Be sure to identify the article using an in-text citation in the body of the paper, as well as a reference in the reference section. 
2. Identify which biological concepts from the course and / or text are relevant to the topic covered in the article. Citing the course text, discuss the ways in which this course does (or doesn’t) provide background information to help you understand the article and the larger issues surrounding it. 
3. Explain why the article caught your attention. Relate the article to your life and to issues that are important to you. Discuss how or if the scientific knowledge about the topic covered in the article affects you directly or indirectly.
4. Discuss your opinion on how research on this topic should be funded. State whether you think taxpayer monies should support research on this topic or whether such research in this area should be funded by the private sector. Rate the importance of research on this topic, relative to other areas of research.

In addition to the target article, you should use at least one (1) additional resource, such as your textbook or another article.  

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Topic

PRECISION MEDICINE

Present an outline separately then 

Addresses Course Outcomes 1-3:

1. identify properties involved in maintaining homeostasis in order to recognize how certain factors contribute to cancer

2. recognize the complexity of cancer and assess current approaches for screening, diagnosis, and treatment in order to adopt appropriate lifestyle strategies

3. apply knowledge of causes, development, and progression of cancer to ask questions and make informed decisions about personal and public health

The individual-based project will include a presentation of a particular topic related to cancer that has not been covered in the course content, to be approved by the instructor in advance. The presentation can be in the format of a Power Point or paper, and is worth a total of 20 percent of the final grade.  The project proposal and outline are submissions providing opportunity for approval and feedback from the instructor (not graded).

Paper submissions must be between 1500 and 2000 words, and Power Point presentations must be between 15 and 20 slides.  

Regardless of format, the presentation must include at least 10 references from qualified publications or reputable websites that support the information being presented. All information should be cited in APA format.

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Please answer original forum with a minimum of 250 words
Respond to both students on separate pages with a minimum of 100 words
Please follow directions or I will dispute

Original Forum
Microbes can be involved in diseases of any of our vital organ systems but of all of them, the most common diseases we see our physician for treatment is our respiratory system. The moment we have any difficulty taking in a breath of air, it can be a life-threatening crisis. Our respiratory system is a perfect microenvironment for microbes; it is warm, moist, has plenty of oxygen and a supply of mucus so why do we not have massive colonies of microbes? Or, do we?  Our immune systems spend much effort protecting our airways but there are a few microbes that have evolved mechanism to evade our immune systems. Bordetella pertussis (better known by its disease name, Whooping cough) is one such Gram-negative bacterium that has succeeded in causing great pestilence before a vaccine was discovered. Despite this, some choose not to have the vaccine and yearly outbreaks of Whooping cough claims the lives of children each year in the US. Mortality is highest in infants despite those who have begun their vaccine series.  Review chapter 22 of your textbook on Diseases of the Respiratory System.  Review information on the vaccine for Whooping CoughAnd, the facts about Whooping cough from the CDC Upon review of the information sources and your own research, choose ONE of the topics to address in exposition forum.

Topic 1. Defend the resurgence of Whooping cough as due to waning immunity.

Topic 2. Present an argument to support lack of vaccination as a cause for resurgence.Make sure to address these questions in your exposition;  What is the mechanism(s) that Bordetella pertussis uses to invade epithelial cells in the lungs?  Why does this Gram-negative bacteria cause the characteristic cough that it does?  Why is infant mortality high?  What role does herd immunity play in the spread of an infectious disease like Whooping cough?

Student Response

Eric
B. pertussis uses an adhesin that attaches to cells which grows bacteria that produce exotoxins. After the cells have been invaded, increased levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate allows for a disruption in cells using their signals. In addition, the a cytotoxin is produced which results in the accumulation of mucus in the lungs (Parker, 2016). This is what leads a person to cough. The requirement for oxygen to able be exchanged in the lungs through the alveoli are disrupted and by coughing, it allows for more “force” to be used to help this to happen.The coccobacillus found in B. pertussis are able to inflame the airway which causes someone to have a harder time breathing and especially after they’ve been coughing multiple times (Parker, 2016). Basically, the multiple causes of the “whooping” effect are due to the person using more effort to inhale after this period.   Infant mortality is high due to their anatomy and immune responses. Their bodies are not as well developed as adults or even children which can cause their ribs to be fractured and also leads to infections which they may have yet to develop an immunity to (Parker, 2016).  This cough is transmittable through air droplets by an infected individual. Due to the likeliness of transmission in public, it would be advisable for a person to distance themselves from the public while they have it. This would limit the spread of the infectious disease as it would with others. It is also recommended that children get vaccinated for this very reason. B. pertussis has been steadily declining over the years due to vaccinations but is now recently reemerging due to the lack of these vaccinations (Parker, 2016). In school environments, playgrounds, and public areas, the whooping cough can be easily transmitted to other children due to the lack of their knowledge to understand how it is transmitted and the bacteria that may be present on their hands which they can easily spread. What degree are you working toward? Right now, I am completing this course as a prerequisite for nursing. It is one of my last classes!What is your progress in accomplishing your educational goals and what courses are you starting next month? My educational goals are coming to a near-end as I have completed many of the courses that I wanted and I am now looking into a nursing program which I will apply to shortly after this course. I will be starting Anatomy and Physiology next month and I am so excited for that because I know a ton of that information already and it will be a great refresher. Why did you choose these courses?I chose these courses because they are required before I can continue onto my future career. 

References

Parker, N. (2016). Microbiology. OpenStax. Retrieved 2018

Megan
Reported cases of whooping cause are on the rise in industrialized countries. Mooi et al (2009) have attributed this to a combination of many factors:

1. Improved diagnostic techniques
2. Reduction in vaccinations
3. Pathogen adaptation
4. Reduced effectiveness of vaccines

According to He (2016), the type of vaccine used has also shown to have an effect on the resurgence of whooping cough. The most commonly used vaccines for whooping cough in industrialized countries are acellular vaccines (ACVs). Whole cell vaccines (WCVs) are more commonly used in developing countries.  As the whooping cough virus mutates, these vaccines are becoming less effective, but the virus mutations are dependent on which type of vaccine (ACV vs WCV) were used. Hamborsky, Kroger, and Wolfe (2015) state that in recent years, the cases of whooping cough in fully vaccinated adolescents and adults is on the rise, indicating that a large part of the increase in whooping cough may be due to pathogen adaptation.B. pertussis attaches to the cilia in the epithelia cells of the lung. Once there, it secretes a toxin which causes the cilia to become immobilized. It also causes inflammation which leads to the buildup of mucus and phlegm. This buildup of mucus in the tracheobronchial tree is what causes the characteristic coughing associated with B. pertussis (Hamborsky, Kroger, & Wolfe, 2015).One study cited by the CDC found that infant deaths represented 83% of deaths due to whooping cough. The infant mortality rate is so high because infants are more likely to develop secondary complications than others who contract whooping cough. These complications include secondary bacterial pneumonia, seizures, encephalopathy, pneumothorax, hernias, and more (Hamborsky, Kroger, & Wolfe, 2015).According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), herd immunity is not a reliable source of immunity against whooping cough for a few different reasons. First, pertussis is very contagious. Second, the effectiveness of the vaccine decreases over time. Once vaccinated does not mean forever invincible. Finally, ACVs may not be reliable at preventing colonization of B. pertussis, meaning it could still be spread even if the symptoms are mild or nonexistent (National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Bacterial Diseases, 2017).

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