After considering the scientific method explained in the textbook, write an essay about how it compares to the way nonscientists approach problems.

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respond to the post 1& 2 with 150 words each. 

(Topics of discussion 

After considering the scientific method explained in the textbook, write an essay about how it compares to the way nonscientists approach problems. Identify some problems that are solvable scientifically and some that are not. Using one or two small problems, describe the process you would go through in solving that problem using the scientific method. Discuss the significance of the scientific approach to the development and advancement of human knowledge)

 your assignment

POST 1

The scientific is the method that scientist use to understand the world around us. The scientific method states that in order to conduct studies on structures and processes it must be observable and measurable. Data is the foundation on which this type of investigation. The scientific method use experiments that can be repeated several numerous times to validate the results. This approach also uses the process of trial and error. The scientific approach is just one of the ways of accruing knowledge.

There are many non –scientific means of knowing these include: Tradition which is knowledge that have been passed from generation to generation and accepted as true. Experience is also another means of gaining knowledge from personal experiences. Beliefs and accruing knowledge from authority figures like parents. The problem with non-scientific methods is that unlike the scientific approached there are not observable, are measurable for examples you cannot measure a belief and experiences are subjective and non-repetitive. 

Science is use to solve problems such as engine problems in cars and plans, population growth and crime solving. This method cannot answer the question like is there spirit beings, does God exist, science cannot solve issues that are not tangible.

The method use in approach the weight loss and exercise issues is first observation; People going to the gym daily and getting no results. Then I would ask the question, does exercise helps you lose weight? After this develop a hypothesis: People do not lose weight by exercising but by a change in diet and lifestyle. My fourth step would be to make a prediction: If a person changes their eating habits and life style they will lose over twenty pounds in three months. I will then conduct an experiment to test my hypothesis,  Apply a low carbohydrate, sugar and a change in eating habits together with sleep times for three months My final would be to Repeat or accept results.        

  The scientific approach has been use in advance medicine and diseases  such as cancer and diabetes in agricultural development around the world  special mention to third world countries and in communication and technology hence we now have google app and satellites in space   

POST 2

The scientific method has five major steps. The first is to observe a problem. For example, the plant is wilting. The second is to ask a question. Why is the plant wilting? The third step is to formulate a hypothesis. The plant is wilting because it needs water. Then predict what will happen. The plant will perk up if I water it. The next step is to experiment. I water the plant. The hypothesis can then be revised to try to solve the problem. Instead of needing water, maybe the plant has an infestation. The new hypothesis would include the infestation instead of the water issue. The plant is wilting because it is infested with small flies. Then experiment again. I will use a plant safe bug spray to get rid of the infestation. The experiments will either support the hypothesis or a new hypothesis will be made.  

Most problems can be solved using the scientific method. Even household problems including a broken TV remote or a wilting plant. The scientific method does have a couple limitations. The hypothesis must be testable, and the experiments and observations must be repeatable. Any problem that cannot be solved with multiple attempts should not be used as an example of the scientific method. For example, why did the egg crack in its carton. After the egg is already cracked, an experiment cannot be performed multiple times without getting more eggs.  

The development and advancement of human knowledge is favourably affected by the scientific method. The scientific method is an organized way to perform experiments and collect data in a more controlled environment. 

 

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Water and carbon are important to living things, plants, animals and prokaryotes because they are necessary for reproduction, growth and survival.

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Water and carbon are important to living things, plants, animals and prokaryotes because they are necessary for reproduction, growth and survival. Regardless of where you are in the world, no matter the climate or environment, you will always see water in its three forms whether it be gas, solid or liquid. There are four groups that carbon can bond with in order for living things to be functional. All living things are dependent upon water and carbon. NASA is looking for water on Mars in order for Mars to be livable, just as Earth is. Of all the cells there are, which is innumerable, they are either prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. Though they have a few comparations, they contrast in a number of ways. To begin, it is said that prokaryotic cells have been around longer than eukaryotic cells according to indication from fossils. Of the two, eukaryotic cells are greater in size  and also have organs, in which prokaryotic cells do not. Instead of a nucleus, prokaryotic cells have a nucleoid. The structure of the two are also different. As described in our textbook, a prokaryotic cell is like an open warehouse, as opposed to a eukaryotic cell which is like an office building with cubicles Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece, and Kelly A. Hogan. (2016). Campbell Essential Biology, 5th Ed. The characteristics of the prokaryotic cells causes limitations because they can’t perform numerous roles. The characteristics of the eukaryotic cells cause limitations because of how large they are in size. In contrast, both cell types may be considered equally successful because they are both required to live.

 

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Describe the characteristics of water and carbon that makes them important to living things in general,

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only respond to post 1 and 2

(topic of discussion

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are the two major categories of cells making up life on earth. Both these types require water and carbon.

Describe the characteristics of water and carbon that makes them important to living things in general, and to specific forms of life including plants, animals, and prokaryotes. Why is NASA looking for water on Mars?

Describe the differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. How have the characteristics of each kind of cell put limitations and provided opportunities for the survival and divergence of modern living things? Why might both cell types be considered equally successful? Make sure to consider both Domains of Prokaryotes.)

POST1

The characteristics of water that make it important to living things in general are the structure of the water molecule, polarity, and the hydrogen bonding. The cohesion of water is waters ability to stick together with hydrogen bonding to other hydrogen molecules. Trees use the cohesion of water to help transport it from the roots to the leaves. Cohesion in water is more prominent than with most other liquids. Water has a higher surface tension than other liquids, which is the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Insects and spiders can walk on water without breaking the surface because the hydrogen bonds are so strong. Water has a stronger resistance to temperature change because of hydrogen bonding. When the temperature of water is rising, hydrogen bonds are being broken, and the water stores large amounts of heat, while only changing by a few degrees. Hydrogen bonds are broken before water heats up. Therefore, water does not heat up as quickly as other substances. When water cools and starts forming ice, hydrogen bonds are being made. Water releases the stored heat before it drops a few degrees. Earth’s water supply regulates the temperature by storing the heat from the sun during warm seasons and releasing heat during the cold seasons. Landlocked areas have a greater temperature fluctuation and coastal areas have milder temperature changes. Another way water releases heat is by evaporative cooling. This occurs when the molecules of water that have the most heat vaporize, leaving the surface cooler. This also happens in animals through the ability to sweat. When water freezes over a body of water, such as an ocean or lake, it creates an insulating layer of ice on top of the water. This allows life to continue under the ice, without completely freezing. Water acts as a medium for chemical reactions because many different solutes can be dissolved in water. NASA is looking for water on Mars because it would mean Mars is capable of supporting life.

Carbon is important to life because it has four open spots to form bonds with other molecules, thus becoming the building blocks of life. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, including DNA are macromolecules. They are polymers, large molecules made from smaller molecules called monomers strung together. The monomers connect through a dehydration process. Two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule are released from the reactants. The breakdown of polymers is the opposite of the dehydration process, called hydrolysis. For example, in our bodies, this occurs when we break down protein and carbohydrates to be used in our cells. Carbohydrates are a group of molecules that include sugars and polymers of sugars. For animals, they are an energy source and for plants, they are the building material for most of the plant structure. Monosaccharides or simple sugars are monomers of carbohydrates and cannot be broken down into smaller sugars. Glucose and fructose have the same formula, but the atoms are arranged differently, and they are called isomers. Isomers have different properties, such as the taste difference between glucose and fructose. Disaccharides are double sugars connected through the dehydration process. Polysaccharides are complex sugars, made from long chains of polymers of monosaccharides. An example is starch. Plants store starch as a stockpile that can be tapped when needed.

The main differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are the size and nucleus. Prokaryotes are single celled and do not have a membrane bound nucleus. They are smaller in size and have no internal membranes. Prokaryotes can have large populations in smaller areas because of the size and their rapid reproduction. Mutations within these cells can develop quickly because of the rapid reproduction and some types can even pass genetic material to one another. Eukaryotes are much larger and have a membrane bound nucleus. They also have internal compartmentalization using membranes. Eukaryotes can either be single celled or form multicellular organisms and they have a complex structure. Eukaryotes can store food and resources and they have isolation and control of physiological processes. There is a greater diversity of processes within the cell because they have a nucleus and organelles. Because eukaryotic cells reproduce sexually, they have a greater genetic diversity.

The characteristics of prokaryotes have put limitations of genetic diversity because they reproduce asexually. The rapid reproduction is an opportunity to survive and thrive because the cells can possibly reproduce faster than the environment can destroy them. Eukaryotes are limited to sexual reproduction that is a slower process than that of the prokaryotes. Eukaryotes are more genetically diverse because of sexual reproduction. Both cell types can be considered equally successful because they are both surviving in today’s ever-changing environment. Archaea can survive in extreme environments and bacteria can grow almost anywhere. Eukaryotes have mutated and adapted to survive in almost any climate, as different animals.

 

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adenosine triphosphate

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only respond to post 1 and 2

(Topic of discussion 

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has been called the energy currency of the cell. Briefly outline the cycle by which energy is stored in and released from ATP. Discuss how ATP is critically important to cellular chemical processes. 

Enzymes are protein materials that control chemical processes. Describe the specific mechanisms of enzyme function. Pick a specific enzyme and describe its function and the importance of that function to life. Discuss how the loss of that enzyme would disrupt living processes. Make sure your explanation of enzymes is informed by the textbook.)

POST1

In this week discussion our main focus is the importance of the ATP and Enzymes. The ATP (adenosine triphosphate) has been called the energy currency of the cell. The ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups. The triphosphate tail is the business end of the ATP which provide energy for the cellular work. Cellular work spends ATP, which is recycled when ADP and phosphate are combined using energy released by cellular respiration. The energy from processes that yield energy, such as the breakdown of the organic fuels, is transferred processes that consume energy, such as muscle contraction and other cellular work. The ATP run at a really fast pace up to 10 million ATP’s are consumed and recycled each second in a working muscle cell. Enzymes are proteins that speed up the chemical reactions without being consumed by those reactions. All living cells contain thousands of enzymes however, each one develop a separate chemical reaction. Proteins embedded in the plasma membrane perform a wide variety of functions, including regulating transport, anchoring to other cells or substances, promoting enzymatic reactions, and recognizing other cells. 

Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Jane B. Reece, and Kelly A. Hogan. (2016). Campbell Essential Biology, 5th Ed. Benjamin-Cummings 

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POST2

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered to be complex organic chemicals which are involved in providing energy for many processes that take place in living cells. When a cell requires energy, the ATP is then broken down through hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of ATP is important in movement by the contraction of muscles, structural maintenance. 

ATP is constantly formed and broken down as it participates in biological reactions and it is central to the health and growth of all life. (Danaher, 2017). ATP is important to the cellular chemical process because it captures chemical energy obtained from breakdown of food molecules and then releases it to fuel other cell processes. Since ATP is the primary carrier of energy cells, ATP is converted from storage molecules when energy is needed by the cell. (Britannica, 2018). 

Enzymes are important because they are protein in nature which speeds up the process of a chemical reaction without taking place in the reaction. (Marmorstein, 2016). The functions of enzymes may include regulating cell activities, breaking down of large molecules into small molecules which are easily absorbable by the body, generating energy in living organisms through the speeding up of hydrolysis of ATP and some other functions, including hormone regulation responses and reactions. An example of a particular enzyme is when the salivary enzyme amylase binds to a starch, it catalyzes hydrolysis, which results in maltose, or malt sugar. (Castro, 2014). 

 

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You will want to have an introductory paragraph, detailed description of four ways that oceans are important to you and a concluding paragraph that summarizes what you learned

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You will want to have an introductory paragraph, detailed description of four ways that oceans are important to you and a concluding paragraph that summarizes what you learned.  For example, you may consider economic, educational, ecological, climate and/or entertainment aspects of ocean habitats and/or inhabitants.  The essay should be one page typed with excellent spelling and grammar.

 

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High Altitude Adaptation, Co-evolution, and Rodenticides in Ludwigschafen”

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High Altitude Adaptation, Co-evolution, and Rodenticides in Ludwigschafen”

For your primary post, please respond to one of the following three topics with a post of at least 125 words that addresses each point given in the instructions. Also, please reply to at least one fellow student on any topic.

Topic 1 :  High Altitude Adaptation. In the recorded interview (1)*, Emilia Huerta-Sanchez describes some research her team conducted. Watch the video, then address the following issues: 

  • (a) What data did they collect, who did they collect it from, and what were they looking for? 
  • (b) Which gene was implicated as a gene associated with high altitude adaptation, and what does it do? 
  • (c) Why do they think that the high incidence of this gene in populations who live at high altitudes is due to natural selection? 

Topic 2 [reading]: Co-evolution of rattlesnakes and squirrels. Read at least one of the following articles (2)* and/or (3)*, and then address the following issues:

  • (a) How do squirrels adapt to rattlesnake venom?
  • (b) How do rattlesnakes adapt to squirrel’s defenses against rattlesnake venom?
  • (c) What do the results of this research tell us about evolution?

Topic 3 [reading];  Resistance to Rodenticides in Wild Rat Populations. Refer to the ‘Digging into Data’ box on page 216 of the textbook.  Review the situation and the address the following: 

  • (a) In which town do you think that past application of the rodenticide bromadialonewas most intensive?  Explain.
  • (b)  Suppose that a group of rodenticide-resistant rats hitches a ride on a grain truck from Olfen to Ludwigshafen, where they start to breed with the Ludwigshafen rats.  Which of the following concepts (genetic drift, gene flow or founder effect) is most applicable to this situation?
  • (c)  Make a prediction about the future status ofrodenticide resistance inLudwigshafen after the hitchhiker rats from Olfenarrive. Explain. 
 

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Nat Geo

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What are the particular advantages to being an expert or novice (depending on your answer the previous question) that makes them more open-minded? What are the disadvantages of the novice or expert (depending on your answer the previous questions) that makes them more close-minded?

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For this assignment, you are to ponder some reflection questions before listening to the lecture component. These questions aim to stimulate your thinking and focus your concentration on the topics to be explored in the lecture, as a means of provoking you into thinking philosophically while you attentively listen to the lecture. There will be multiple topics, but do not respond to them all. Rather, pick one topic to respond to that catches your attention or that you otherwise find intriguing. After you have selected your topic, spend 10 minutes pondering the topic’s questions and recording your thoughts. The reason for there being multiple questions within a topic is to assist with developing a response that has depth. For this assignment, do not be concerned about the number of thoughts you have on the topic. Rather, you should be concerned with the quality of your thoughts. In assessing your response, the teaching team will look to see how clearly and precisely you articulate your beliefs and how deeply you explain the reasoning for and assumptions underlying your beliefs. Here are the topics for you to consider:

REFLECTION TOPICS:

Topic #1: With respect to learning, when it comes to being open-minded about possible explanations for a particular phenomenon, who do you think is more open-minded to possibilities: an expert or a novice? Explain why you think an expert would be more open-minded than a novice or vice versa? What are the particular advantages to being an expert or novice (depending on your answer the previous question) that makes them more open-minded? What are the disadvantages of the novice or expert (depending on your answer the previous questions) that makes them more close-minded? When it comes to accepting an alternative hypothesis, which should be valued more: those proposed by the expert or novice? As you articulate your position, clearly explain your reasoning for your position, and if appropriate provide a concrete real-life example that illustrates your position. 

Topic #2: When feeling anxious and/or stressed, how do you go about relieving anxiety and stress? How do you calm your mind? If achieving calm and peace is at times (or always) difficult to achieve, do you think that there are habits and practices you might engage in to achieve the relief from anxiety and stress you desire? What obstacles exist that hinder you from developing such habits and practices? How might these obstacles be overcome? As you articulate your position, clearly explain your reasoning for your position, and if appropriate provide a concrete real-life example that illustrates your position.

Topic #3: What is required on our part to have an open heart? Or, in other words, what characteristics do we need to embody in order to be receptive to caring for others and being cared for by others? Is it easy or difficult to have an open heart? Specifically, what makes it easy or difficult to have an open heart? What causes people to have a closed heart, to not be receptive to trusting others and forming close relationships with them? How might a closed heart be transformed into an open heart? As you articulate your position, clearly explain your reasoning for your position, and if appropriate provide a concrete real-life example that illustrates your position.

 

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Could a large animal rely solely on food vacuoles? Explain

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1. Could a large animal rely solely on food vacuoles? Explain.

2. A friend says, “It’s not ingestion that causes you to gain weight; its absorption.” Is this statement true? Explain.

3. _________________Is the breakdown of food into small molecules, whereas ___________ is the uptake of these small molecules by the body’s cells.

4. Why don’t astronauts in zero gravity have trouble swallowing?

5. Which class of large biological molecules is primarily broken down in the stomach? What enzyme is responsible?

6. What type of organism is responsible for most stomach ulcers? If ulcers are detected early, how can they be treated?

7. Most chemical digestion occurs in the ______________as a result of the activity of enzymes made in by the ______________.

8. Explain how treatment of a chronic infection with antibiotics for extended periods of time can cause a vitamin k deficiency.

9. Why is the amount of oxygen you consume proportional to your metabolic rate?

10. Which vitamin excess cold pose the largest threat?

Bonus 20 pt on Exam 5:

Please write a one page (minimum) paper describing how the digestive system works in detail. Points will be added or deducted based on effort and the complexity of the paper itself. Please do not exceed two pages. The paper is to be submitted via black board and will be sent through a plagiarism checker. Plagiarism over 50% will receive deductions. If 100% plagiarism is denoted the paper will not  

 

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