Critically discuss the assumption that crime statistics are objective and value free. Use relevant examples to support your paper.
Order Instructions
ESSAY QUESTION: Statistics are routinely deployed in criminological research and in policy and program development by agencies in the criminal justice sector. The importance of this quantitative data is predicated on the assumption that it is objective and value free. Some would argue that this is not always valid given the difference sources of crime statistics such as police statistics, community surveys and victim surveys. Critically discuss the assumption that crime statistics are objective and value free. Use relevant examples to support your paper.
DO NOT USE INFORMAL LANGUAGE
Writing a university research paper involves working within its forms, to the usual expectations and to a strategy.
The Form
The university research essay is a disciplined attempt to answer a research question, or questions, in a coherent way, using paragraphs and arguing out the answer to the question using evidence and deploying rational analysis. A research paper is constituted of a number of parts, some similar and some different. There are different kinds of paragraphs for different elements of the research paper for example:
• for the introduction
• for the conclusion
• for conceptual discussions
• for discussions of methodology
Each has its own form and function, and for the research paper form follows function.
The Expectations
Your essay must be coherent. That is to say: –
all elements will orient to answering the question;
all major claims will be based on relevant evidence;
the sources of your evidence and your reliance on others for ideas will be acknowledged;
the structure of the paper will be ‘logical’ with each of the constituent parts linked it will be written in a fluent precise and disciplined fashion preferably mostly in the active voice
and
it will have gone through a number of drafts
The Strategy
No-one but no-one plans a project or enterprise without a strategy which specifies the ingredients and a set of steps to be taken to produce the finished product. No strategy equates with confusion! If the following strategy does not work for you replace it with one that works as well and can be as well justified as this one.
The Overall Structure
Note the connecting or transition sentence in the following class structure.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Statement of general concern defining scope of your critical discussion
1.2 Statement of central claim identifying the objective
1.3 Transition sentence
▼
2 ARGUMENT/EXPLAINATION/CRITICAL ANALYSIS
2.1 Statement supporting the first central claim of the topic
Topic sentence ►
Referenced evidence ►
Connecting sentence
▼
2.2 Statement supporting the second central claim
Topic sentence
Referenced evidence
Connecting sentence
▼
2.3 Statement supporting the third central claim
Topic sentence
Referenced evidence
Connecting sentence
▼
2.4 Statement supporting the fourth central claim
Topic sentence
Referenced evidence
Connecting sentence
▼
3 CONCLUSION
3.1 Review of central claim
3.2 Suggested wider significance of your conclusions ►
4 BIBLIOGRAPHY
4.1 Primary sources (Which of your references are primary sources?)
4.2 Secondary sources (Which of your references are secondary sources?)
INTRODUCTION
The key elements in an introduction that help to specify its function is the need to introduce in a disciplined and focused way the body of the essay. It needs
• an opener that sets up time, space and topic
• clear specification of the research question/s
• a rationale for why the questions are being addressed
• a specification of the steps to be taken
• the thesis or main claim -optional
In what follows the model is bare-boned and reduced to one paragraph with one sentence per function
1. Opening sentence
You need a good opening sentence that sets up time, space and topic and helps to engage the reader that sets up boundaries that already help to delimit what goes in and what stays out of the essay.
Many Australians have been increasingly agitated by the failure of national governments to make any progress with the reconciliation program first announced by the Keating Labor government in 1994.
Please do not begin your paper with lines like ‘Since the beginning of human history…’
2. All research papers need a clear specification of the research question/s.
The research question provides the constant point of reference for everything that follows. If it is relevant to the question it goes in. If it is not, it does not! Such a sentence should begin with one of the old fashioned question words.
‘what’ ‘why’ ‘how’ ‘why does’ ‘where is’ … [etc] and always has a clear [?] so that its status is clear
In this paper I begin by asking what progress has been made with Aboriginal reconciliation since 2000 and what factors best explain the kind of progress made to date with the project.
It is always useful to get in the habit of establishing why the research question is worth addressing. This can take the form initially of appeals to the public interest political or ethical issues at stake or the intrinsic interest of the problem.
The issue of reconciliation seems to be an important measure of the extent to which the dominant white community is able to both recognize the history of black white relations and make some progress with what has long been identified as ‘a major blot on public policy making’ (Reynolds 2004:2)
3. A specification of the steps to be taken
The steps need to spell out the sequence of what you will do in your paper. This is vital as the clarity with which you outline the steps you will take, indicates to the reader the extent to which you have grasped the point of the question.
If you cannot spell out what you intend do and the order you intend to it the chances are you have not done enough thinking or design work.
I will begin by outlining the nature of the initial commitment to Aboriginal reconciliation as specified by the Keating government in 1994. I will then discuss the various political ideas that seem to have been at issue in the very idea of reconciliation and put this discussion in a wider context of parallel international exercises. I then turn to a narrative account of Aboriginal reconciliation since 2000 and then suggest that three factors appear to have most powerfully shaped what little progress to date has been made.
4. The thesis or main claim – Here I stand…..
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